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World Health Organization WHO
(2022)
CC
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Braae, U.; Thomas, L.; Roberson, L. et al.
Parasites and Vectors
(2018)
CC
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U.S. Government
(2020)
C2
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Santana, K.; Oliveira, L.; Barros de Castro, D. et al.
Tropical medicine & international health
(2020)
CC
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Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)
(2020)
C_CDC
Tags: 
Leishmaniasis,
prevention and control,
Parasites and vectors,
parasitic disease,
signs and symptoms,
visceral leishmaniasis (VL),
cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL),
transmission,
diagnosis,
treatment,
prevention,
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Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV
Clinical Info HIV
(2018)
CC
Epidemiology
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted to humans by infected triatomine bugs, and less commonly by transfusion, organ transplant, from mother to infant, and in rare instances, by ingestion of contaminated food or drink.1-4 The hematophagous triatomine vectors defecate during or immediately after feeding on a person. The parasite is present in large numbers in the feces of infected bugs, and enters the human body through the bite wound, or through the intact conjunctiva or other mucous membrane.
Vector-borne transmission occurs only in the Americas, where an estimated 8 to 10 million people have Chagas disease.5 Historically, transmission occurred largely in rural areas in Latin America, where houses built of mud brick are vulnerable to colonization by the triatomine vectors.4 In such areas, Chagas disease usually is acquired in childhood. In the last several decades, successful vector control programs have substantially decreased transmission rates in much of Latin America, and large-scale migration has brought infected individuals to cities both within and outside of Latin America ... more
Tags: 
Chagas,
Epidemiology,
diagnosis,
Prevention,
Treatment,
HIV,
adverse events,
opportunistic infections,
adults,
Adolescents,
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Saunders, A. & Hamer, S.
Today's Veterinary Practice
(2020)
CC
Tags: 
Chagas,
trypanosoma cruzi,
Zoonotic diseases,
veterinary diseases,
transmission,
diagnosis,
treatment,
Prevention,
animal's health,
animal's disease,
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Bartoloni, A.
Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
(2022)
CC
Chagas disease (CD) is endemic in the Americas, being present in 21 countries, where it affects about 6 million
people.(1) With such relevant numbers of people affected and disability adjusted life years lost, CD is a poverty-related
and poverty-promoting disease.
Although data describe a relevant ongoing public health problem for the American continent, significant results
in the interruption of transmission has been achieved by coordinated multi-country programs. In particular, the
Southern Cone Initiative (SCI), officially formalised in November 1991 by the Ministers of Health of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, has shown how a well-designed control program can significantly reduce
CD transmission.(2) Before this initiative, in these countries, there were 11 million infected persons and 50 million at
risk, 62% of the infected individuals of the whole continent ... more
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Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
(2023)
C_WHO
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World Health Organization WHO
PAHO, WHO
(2019)
C_WHO
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