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A Wake-Up Call: Lessons from Ebola for the world’s health systems
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Save the Children (2015)

Almost 30 countries vulnerable to a new Ebola-style Epidemic, jeopardising the future of millions of Children. The report ranks the world’s poorest countries on the state of their public health systems, finding that 28 have weaker defences in place than Liberia where, alongside Sierra Leone and Gu... more

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Guidelines on Implementation of the Antimicrobial Strategy in South Africa: One Health Approach & Governance

Ministerial Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance National Dept. of Health, South Africa (2017) C2

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Expert and stakeholder virtual consultation meeting to develop the Africa CDC Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health Strategy

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) C_CDC

Executive summary On 27th and 28th April 2021, the division of Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with Public Health England, organized a virtual consultative meeting as part of the consultations with Member States and partners for the development of the Africa CDC five years strategic ... more

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Briefing on the Situation of Ebola Virus Disease in Coastal West Africa and the Response of the Caritas Confederation and other Catholic Church-inspired Organizations

Vitillo, B. (2014)

Report of Meeting: 4 November 2014, Roma

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Integrating mental health into South Africa’s health system: current status and way forward

Schneider, M.; E. Baron, E. Breuer, et al. (2016) CC

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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West Africa Ebola Outbreak Concept of Operations 24 July 2015

World Food Programme, Logistics Cluster (2015)

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Forests and Trees for Human Health: Pathways, Impacts, Challenges and Response Options

Cecil Konijnendijk, Dikshya Devkota, Stephanie Mansourian & Christoph Wildburger (eds.) International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) (2023) C2

Forests, trees and green spaces, hereinafter ‘forests and trees’ for short, provide multiple goods and services that contribute to human health. These include medicines, nutritious foods and other non-wood forest products (NWFPs). Globally, at least 3.5 billion people use NWFPs, including medici... more

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Framework for One Health Practice in National Public Health Institutes
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African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) CC

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Regional guide for determining health workforce staffing norms and standards for health facilities

WHO Universal Health CoverageLife Course Cluster, WHO Regional Office WHO Regional Office for Africa (2021) C_WHO

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Regional strategic preparedness and response plan Covid-19: West and Central Africa

International Organization for Migration IOM (2020) C2

How to respond to Covid19 pandemic in West and Central Africa

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The Case for the Digital Transformation of Circulatory Health

World Heart Federation (2020) CC

This paper explores the angles and opportunities of digital health, with a look at digital innovation and its potential to support patients with circulatory diseases. In reviewing developments in the field, current applications as well as gaps, the paper aims to support policymakers in leveraging ... more

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Operational framework for strengthening human, animal and environmental public health systems at their interface

World Bank (2018) C1

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African Union Health Information Exchange Guidelines and Standards

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

The application of digital health technology is growing at a rapid rate in Africa, with the goals of improving the delivery of healthcare services and more effectively reaching out to remote and underserved communities. The lack of enabling guidelines and standards across the continent, on the other... more

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Amref Operational Guidelines For Community Health Workers In The Context Of COVID-19

AMREF Health Africa, Health System Advocacy Partnership (2020) CC

Recognizing the importance of the critical role of community health in disaster management, the Amref health Africa has developed this operational guide to provide policy direction on COVID-19 response at community level. This guide has been developed in collaboration with all the implementing cou... more

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South African MATERNAL, PERINATAL, and NEONATAL Health Policy

National Department of Health (NDoH) South Africa NDoH South Africa (2021) CC

As a lower-middle-income country (LMIC), South Africa (SA) bears the burden of maternal and neonatal mortality similar to other sub- Saharan African countries. According to the Saving Mothers Report 2017/19, there has been a progressive and sustained reduction in institutional maternal mortality... more

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Comfort for Kids in the Time of Ebola : Mental Health Liberia

World Bank (2018) C1

The 2014-2015 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Liberia resulted in over 10,000 cases and 5,000 deaths. Recognizing the importance of addressing children’s trauma, the Ebola recovery and restoration trust fund (EERTF) funded the implementation of a Comfort for kids (C4K) program which encou... more

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Model Legislative Framework On Community Health Workers Training, Registration and Licensing and (Financing)

Amref Health Africa (2020) CC

The object of this bill is to provide for a legal framework to promote the existence of Community Health Workers (CHWs) and to provide for clarity in the role and responsibilities assigned to CHWs in the Health sector and to promote and strengthen service delivery at the Community level. ... more

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Protecting Health from Climate Change Vulnerability And Adaptation Assessment

Peter Berry, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Carlos Corvalan, and Joy Guillemot Pan American Health Organization (2010) CC

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Paying Primary Health Care Centers for Performance in Rwanda

Basinga, P., Gertler, P.J., Binagwaho, A., et al. The World Bank (2010) C2

Paying for performance (P4P) provides financial incentives for providers to increase the use and quality of care. P4P can affect health care by providing incentives for providers to put more effort into specific activities, and by increasing the amount of resources available to finance the delivery ... more

A Wake-Up Call: Lessons from Ebola for the world’s health systems recommended

Framework for One Health Practice in National Public Health Institutes recommended

A Wake-Up Call: Lessons from Ebola for the world’s health systems
recommended

Framework for One Health Practice in National Public Health Institutes
recommended