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Cardiovascular diseases, principally ischemic heart disease (IHD), are the most important cause of death and disability in the majority of low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs). In these countries, IHD mortality rates are significantly greater in individuals of a low socioeconomic status (
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SES).
Three important focus areas for decreasing IHD mortality among those of low SES in LLMICs are (1) acute coronary care; (2) cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention; and (3) primary prevention. Greater mortality in low SES patients with acute coronary syndrome is due to lack of awareness of symptoms in patients and primary care physicians, delay in reaching healthcare facilities, non-availability of thrombolysis and coronary revascularization, and the non-affordability of expensive medicines (statins, dual anti-platelets, renin-angiotensin system blockers). Facilities for rapid diagnosis and accessible and affordable long-term care at secondary and tertiary care hospitals for IHD care are needed. A strong focus on the social determinants of health (low education, poverty, working and living conditions), greater healthcare financing, and efficient primary care is required. The quality of primary prevention needs to be improved with initiatives to eliminate tobacco and trans-fats and to reduce the consumption of alcohol, refined carbohydrates, and salt along with the promotion of healthy foods and physical activity. Efficient primary care with a focus on management of blood pressure, lipids and diabetes is needed. Task sharing with community health workers, electronic decision support systems, and use of fixed-dose combinations of blood pressure-lowering drugs and statins can substantially reduce risk factors and potentially lead to large reductions in IHD. Finally, training of physicians, nurses, and health workers in IHD prevention should be strengthened.
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The aim of the Technical Brief is to offer guidance to education professionals on how to integrate Mental Health and Psychosocial Support into Education in Emergencies programming. An overview of Mental He
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alth and Psychosocial Support activities that can be implemented in Education in Emergencies contexts is detailed, in line with the MHPSS Minimum Service Package. Country examples and case studies are featured.
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While motivational factors vary, opportunities for career advancement, stimulating and challenging tasks, opportunities for promotion, and co-worker recognition are core factors that can engender retention of rural health workers. Interventions are
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required to enhance rural health worker motivation and retention, including strengthening the supervision system, developing career progression pathways, and ensuring clear and transparent incentives. Strategies around retention need to be addressed as these would better enable rural primary health workers to cope with the challenging conditions they work in rural areas.
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Breaking Barriers is an implementation research project focusing on social and behavioural change. It is conducted in conflict-affected communities in Cameroon. The project explores three innovative, community-based interventions designed to improve health
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behaviours. This presentation outlines the project's context, methodology and implementation process. It also shares qualitative insights and field perspectives, reflecting on key lessons learned for future SBC efforts in fragile settings.
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Asthma is the most common non-communicable disease in children and remains one of the most common throughout the life course. The great majority of the burden of this disease is seen in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have disproportionately high asthma-related mortality relati
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ve to asthma prevalence. This is particularly true for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Although inhaled asthma treatments (particularly those containing inhaled corticosteroids) markedly reduce asthma morbidity and mortality, a substantial proportion of the children, adolescents, and adults with asthma in LMICs do not get to benefit from these, due to poor availability and affordability. In this review, we consider the reality faced by clinicians managing asthma in the primary and secondary care in sub-Saharan Africa and suggest how we might go about making diagnosis and treatment decisions in a range of resource-constrained scenarios. We also provide recommendations for research and policy, to help bridge the gap between current practice in sub-Saharan Africa and Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) recommended diagnostic processes and treatment for children, adolescents, and adults with asthma.
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Accessed June 2014
3rd edition April 2018 - draft version
This Essential List for Diabetic Retinopathy contains recommendations for a range of essential itemsrequired at community / primary level (for screening);
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at secondary and tertiary levels (for treatment and follow up). It also contains recommendations for items that are desirable, and efforts should be made to obtain these.
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Levels and Trends in Newborn Care Service Availability and Readiness in Bangladesh, Haiti, Malawi, Senegal, and Tanzania
Winter, Rebecca, Jennifer Yourkavitch, Lindsay Mallick, and Wenjuan Wang
ICF International
(2016)
C1
DHS Comparative Reports No. 41
This regional summary draws on the WHO Global oral health status report (2), published in 2022, which provides a comprehensive overview of the global oral disease burden, the global health importanc
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e of oral health and the impact of oral diseases over the life course.
The summary focuses on the oral health status in the Western Pacific Region and is split into four sections: (a) oral diseases are global and regional health problems; (b) the burden of the main oral diseases; (c) key challenges and opportunities towards oral health for all in the Western Pacific Region; and (d) road map towards UHC for oral health 2030. This regional summary is based on the 27 Member States in the Region.
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Integrated Management of pregnancy and childbirth
Hanyane. A Village Struggles For Eye Health
recommended
The primary audience for the guideline is policy makers and health programme managers of MNCH and immunization programmes in ministries of health where decisions are made and policies created on the
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use and implementation of homebased records.
The guideline is also aimed at health providers who use home-based records as a tool for recording information and providing health education or communicating key information. Development and international agencies and non-governmental organizations that support the implementation of home-based records will also find this guideline of use.
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The Essential Nutrition Actions and Essential Hygiene Actions Training Guide: Community Workers strengthens the capacity of community workers to deliver and promote the
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essential nutrition and hygiene actions. It introduces technical content within hands-on sessions to practice counseling and negotiation, using role plays and field practice. It guides community workers in understanding why and how to integrate messages on nutrition and hygiene into their different program platforms using a life cycle approach to deliver the right message to right person at the right time.
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Vision Statement
From birth to 8 years of age, all children of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar will receive holistic, high-quality and developmentally-appropriate care from their parents, caregivers and service providers to ensure they wil ... l be happy, healthy, well nourished, socially adept, emotionally balanced and well protected in conditions of freedom, equity and dignity in order to contribute positively to their families, communities and the nation. more
From birth to 8 years of age, all children of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar will receive holistic, high-quality and developmentally-appropriate care from their parents, caregivers and service providers to ensure they wil ... l be happy, healthy, well nourished, socially adept, emotionally balanced and well protected in conditions of freedom, equity and dignity in order to contribute positively to their families, communities and the nation. more
The document “Guidance on Law and Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response” provides recommendations for governments on how laws and policies can support effective preparation for and response to public
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health emergencies such as epidemics or pandemics. It explains the role of legal frameworks in enabling governments and institutions to prevent, detect and manage health crises while protecting human rights and supporting coordinated action across sectors. The guidance highlights lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and examines how national laws, policies and emergency powers were used in many countries. It also identifies common gaps in legal preparedness and proposes key elements that should be included in national legislation, such as clear roles and responsibilities, early warning systems, protection of vulnerable groups and cooperation with humanitarian actors. Overall, the document serves as a practical tool to help countries review and strengthen their legal and policy frameworks for managing public health emergencies.
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The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is a global effort launched by WHO and UNICEF to implement practices that protect, promote and support breastfeeding. It was launched in 1991 in response to the Innocenti Declaration. The global BFHI materials have been revised, updated and expanded for i
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ntegrated care. The materials reflect new research and experience, reinforce the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, support mothers who are not breastfeeding, provide modules on HIV and infant feeding and mother-friendly care, and give more guidance for monitoring and reassessment.
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