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5
1
One approach to development assistance for health, or health aid, emphasizes the ex ante selection of cost-effective health interventions, an approach that began with the World Development Report (1993) on Investing in Health and has since been adopted by the Effective Altruism community. But just h
...
ow much of health aid is cost-effective? In this paper, we examine projects in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Creditor Reporting System, the standard dataset that measures and characterizes development assistance for health, for the
years 2019 to 2021, and count the number of projects that refer to interventions from a list of highly cost-effective interventions as defined by the Disease Control Priorities Project, third edition. This exploratory quantitative analysis indicates that 61% of projects used a key word/phrase of a costeffective intervention. There were 11.9 interventions mapped per project on average. There is little evidence that donors tailor the set of interventions to country income levels by cost-effectiveness.
Policymakers may benefit from reviewing the full portfolio of interventions covered by domestic and external resources.
more
El “Libro de bolsillo sobre atención primaria de salud para niños, niñas y adolescentes: orientaciones sobre promoción de la salud, prevención y manejo de enfermedades desde el período neonatal hasta la adolescencia” está destinado a profesionales de medicina y enfermería, así como a ot
...
ros trabajadores de la salud, responsables de la atención de los niños y adolescentes en el nivel de la atención primaria de salud. En sus páginas se resumen directrices sobre cómo tratar y cuándo derivar a los niños y adolescentes que se quejan de molestias o tienen afecciones comunes. Además, incluyen información para que los proveedores de atención primaria de salud puedan coordinar la atención continua de los niños y adolescentes que tienen enfermedades crónicas que deben ser tratadas por especialistas. Las medidas preventivas y de promoción desde el período neonatal hasta la adolescencia incluyen consejos clave acerca del momento y el contenido de las visitas de control del niño sano, la promoción del desarrollo infantil temprano y los mensajes idóneos para los adolescentes.
more
As countries presented their epidemiological and programmatic situations, and WHO summarized the global status of HAT, the central message was one of satisfaction with the remarkable progress towards elimination. A historically low number of cases was reported, despite maintaining high levels of act
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ive and passive screening in all accessible at-risk areas. In addition, 10 countries have been officially validated for the elimination of HAT as a public health problem.
Time was also devoted to reviewing progress and challenges in the areas of diagnostics, therapeutics and vector control interventions.
more
The Gender Assessment Tool for National HIV Responses (Gender Assessment Tool) is intended to assist countries in assessing their HIV epidemic, context and response through an intersectional gender lens, with the aim of strengthening gender-transformative, equitable and rights-based HIV responses. T
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he 2025 tool places greater emphasis on cost-effectiveness, alignment with national plans, integration and sustainability. Together with a new costing tool and monitoring and evaluation plan template, it is designed to inform the development of country investment cases, funding requests to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and other key national opportunities.
more
Millennium Development Goal 8E aims for affordable access to essential medicines. Essential medicines, as defined by WHO, are those that “satisfy the health-care needs of the majority of the population” and that should therefore “be available at all times in adequate amounts”. However, there
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is a category of medicines that faces a unique challenge in terms of availability. These are the medicines governed by the international conventions on narcotic and psychotropic substances. “Controlled medicines” is the common definition for pharmaceuticals whose active principles are listed under the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs as amended by the 1972 Protocol, such as morphine and methadone; the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances, such as diazepam and buprenorphine; and the 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, such as ergometrine and ephedrine. The conventions list substances in “Schedules” according to their different levels of potential for abuse and harm, and the commensurate severity of control measures to be applied by countries.
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All young people, including those with special needs and from the most vulnerable groups, have the right to quality health care services. Unfortunately, this right is not a reality, particularly in the case of sexual and reproductive health services. Many youth in need of sexual and reproductive hea
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lth care may either decline or be denied access to health services for a variety of reasons: Providers are often biased and do not feel comfortable serving youth who are sexually active; youth do not feel comfortable accessing existing services because they are not "youth-friendly" and may not meet their needs; and, often, community members do not feel that youth should have access to sexual and reproductive health services.
To address provider and site bias toward serving youth, EngenderHealth created a training curriculum intended to sensitize all staff at a health care facility on the provision of youth-friendly services. The curriculum was created as a result of the participatory work that we have been doing with youth in Nepal to address the needs of all levels of providers at different service-delivery settings. The curriculum has been field-tested and used in Nepal, Russia, Mongolia, and the United States.
Youth-Friendly Services allows staff to reflect upon and assess their own beliefs about adolescent sexuality while ensuring that those values and attitudes do not compromise the basic sexual and reproductive health rights to which youth are entitled. The curriculum also helps providers understand cross-cultural principles of adolescent development and health needs specific to youth. Once participant knowledge, attitudes, and skills are improved, sites conduct a self-assessment on the youth-friendliness of their services and create an action plan for specific improvements.
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INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted health systems around the world. The objectives of this study are to estimate the overall effect of the pandemic on essential health service use and outcomes in Mexico, describe observed and predicted trends in services over 24 months, and to estimat
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e the number of visits lost through December 2020.
METHODS: We used health information system data for January 2019 to December 2020 from the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), which provides health services for more than half of Mexico's population-65 million people. Our analysis includes nine indicators of service use and three outcome indicators for reproductive, maternal and child health and non-communicable disease services. We used an interrupted time series design and linear generalised estimating equation models to estimate the change in service use and outcomes from April to December 2020. Estimates were expressed using average marginal effects on the risk ratio scale.
RESULTS: The study found that across nine health services, an estimated 8.74 million patient visits were lost in Mexico. This included a decline of over two thirds for breast and cervical cancer screenings (79% and 68%, respectively), over half for sick child visits and female contraceptive services, approximately one-third for childhood vaccinations, diabetes, hypertension and antenatal care consultations, and a decline of 10% for deliveries performed at IMSS. In terms of patient outcomes, the proportion of patients with diabetes and hypertension with controlled conditions declined by 22% and 17%, respectively. Caesarean section rate did not change.
CONCLUSION: Significant disruptions in health services show that the pandemic has strained the resilience of the Mexican health system and calls for urgent efforts to resume essential services and plan for catching up on missed preventive care even as the COVID-19 crisis continues in Mexico.
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La serovigilancia es una herramienta que complementa los métodos tradicionales de salud pública para la vigilancia de las enfermedades transmisibles y proporciona información valiosa sobre la transmisión de enfermedades en los grupos de la población; por ejemplo, para detectar brechas en la inm
...
unidad frente a las enfermedades prevenibles mediante vacunación. Esta información es útil para hacer un seguimiento de la exposición de la población a enfermedades como la malaria, las enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas, las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, agua y vectores, así como las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes. Como muchas enfermedades infecciosas están o han estado presentes en grupos que viven en entornos donde se superponen diversos factores de riesgo, la serovigilancia integrada facilita las sinergias y optimiza la utilización de los recursos de salud pública. Este conjunto de herramientas se elaboró para facilitar el diseño, la puesta en marcha, el análisis, la interpretación y el uso de los resultados de las encuestas serológicas integradas para reforzar las capacidades de los países con vistas a la eliminación de las enfermedades transmisibles. En la primera parte se describen los conceptos básicos sobre encuestas y vigilancia serológicas, sus usos, ventajas y desafíos, formas de mejorar su eficiencia, así como su potencial para contribuir a la toma de decisiones de salud pública. Posteriormente, se presenta un proceso gradual para la puesta en marcha de la vigilancia serológica integrada basada en encuestas serológicas. Incluye recomendaciones sobre cómo determinar la necesidad y el propósito de recopilar información serológica; el diseño y la metodología de la encuesta; los métodos del laboratorio; las consideraciones prácticas para la realización de encuestas; el análisis e interpretación de los datos y el uso de los resultados para respaldar la toma de decisiones. Su objetivo principal es apoyar a los directores de programas y equipos que participan en el control y eliminación de las enfermedades transmisibles. Se elaboró para ser usado, entre otros, por los coordinadores de enfermedades transmisibles, enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas y programas de vacunación; directores de vigilancia epidemiológica; personal de laboratorios de salud pública; y otros profesionales de los ministerios de salud y autoridades nacionales y subnacionales de salud que puedan estar interesados en incorporar la vigilancia serológica integrada como parte de las herramientas de sus sistemas de vigilancia, para obtener información adicional sobre la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas en la población.
more
The World Heart Federation (WHF) Roadmap series covers a large range of cardiovascular conditions. These Roadmaps identify potential roadblocks and their solutions to improve the prevention, detection and management of cardiovascular diseases and provide a generic global framework available for loca
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l adaptation. A first Roadmap on raised blood pressure was published in 2015. Since then, advances in hypertension have included the publication of new clinical guidelines (AHA/ACC; ESC; ESH/ISH); the launch of the WHO Global HEARTS Initiative in 2016 and the associated Resolve to Save Lives (RTSL) initiative in 2017; the inclusion of single-pill combinations on the WHO Essential
Medicines’ list as well as various advances in technology, in particular telemedicine and mobile health. Given the substantial benefit accrued from effective interventions in the management of hypertension and their potential for scalability in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), the WHF has now revisited and updated the ‘Roadmap for raised BP’ as ‘Roadmap for hypertension’
by incorporating new developments in science and policy. Even though cost-effective lifestyle and medical interventions to prevent and manage hypertension exist, uptake is still low, particularly in resource-poor areas. This Roadmap examined the roadblocks pertaining to both the demand side (demographic and socio-economic factors, knowledge and beliefs, social relations, norms, and
traditions) and the supply side (health systems resources and processes) along the patient pathway to propose a range of possible solutions to overcoming them. Those include the development of population-wide prevention and control programmes; the implementation of opportunistic screening and of out-of-office blood pressure measurements; the strengthening of primary care and a greater focus on task sharing and team-based care; the delivery of people-centred care and stronger patient and carer education; and the facilitation of adherence to treatment. All of the above are dependent upon the availability and effective distribution of good quality, evidencebased, inexpensive BP-lowering agents.
more
At the end of this course, you should be able to:
- Draft an outbreak management plan for managing COVID-19 cases and outbreaks onboard ships;
- Manage an outbreak of COVID-19 disease on board a ship;
- Perform follow-up epidemiological and envir
...
onmental investigation.
Target audience:
- National IHR Focal Points
- Port health authorities (PHAs) and local, provincial, and national health surveillance and response systems
- Ship operators and port operators
more
Response to the Periodic EpidemicThe document "Zanzibar's Victory Against Cholera Epidemic" details the successful efforts taken by Zanzibar to control and eliminate cholera outbreaks. It highlights the strategies implemented, including improved wat
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er and sanitation infrastructure, public health campaigns, vaccination programs, and rapid response measures. The report emphasizes community engagement, government commitment, and international partnerships as key factors in combating the disease. Zanzibar's experience serves as a model for other regions facing similar public health challenges, demonstrating that sustained efforts in hygiene, disease surveillance, and emergency preparedness can effectively control cholera epidemics.
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Le présent document énonce la première stratégie mondiale du secteur de la santé contre l’hépatite virale, une stratégie qui contribue à la réalisation du Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030.
Elle couvre les six premières années du ... plan d’action pour la santé de l’après-2015, c’est-à-dire la période 2016-2021, en s’appuyant sur le document Prévention et lutte contre l’hépatite virale : cadre pour l’action mondiale et sur deux résolutions relatives à l’hépatite virale adoptées par l’Assemblée mondiale de la Santé en 2010 et en 2014.
Cette stratégie porte sur les cinq virus de l’hépatite (les hépatites A, B, C, D et E), en mettant plus spécialement l’accent sur les hépatites B et C en raison de la lourde charge relative qu’elles représentent pour la santé publique. more
Elle couvre les six premières années du ... plan d’action pour la santé de l’après-2015, c’est-à-dire la période 2016-2021, en s’appuyant sur le document Prévention et lutte contre l’hépatite virale : cadre pour l’action mondiale et sur deux résolutions relatives à l’hépatite virale adoptées par l’Assemblée mondiale de la Santé en 2010 et en 2014.
Cette stratégie porte sur les cinq virus de l’hépatite (les hépatites A, B, C, D et E), en mettant plus spécialement l’accent sur les hépatites B et C en raison de la lourde charge relative qu’elles représentent pour la santé publique. more
WASH in schools during a cholera response is important due to the strong correlation between WASH and IPC. Not only can it impact the health and well-being of students and staff but also facilitate the potential spread of the disease via the congregation of children and adults from multiple househol
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ds. Hygiene can often be more difficult to control with young children and therefore efforts to put in place systems to encourage good practices are essential.
To prevent the spread of cholera in schools, it is important to have clean and safe water sources, proper sanitation facilities, and good hygiene practices in place. This includes providing clean drinking water, hand-washing stations with soap, and education on hygiene and sanitation practices and implement Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) including dissemination of Information, Education and Communication materials (IEC).
more
At the end of this course, you should be able to:
- draft an airport public health contingency plan for managing COVID-19 cases and outbreaks in aviation;
- manage an outbreak of COVID-19 disease in aviation.
Target audience:
- National IHR Fo
...
cal Points (NFPs)
- Airport health authorities and local, provincial, and national health surveillance and response systems
- Civil aviation authorities, airport operators, aircraft operators, airports, and airlines
more
Using data from two surveys and 164 countries, this research brief describes the educational strategies countries are putting into place, or plan to, in order to mitigate learning impacts of extended school closures, particularly for the most vulner
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able children. In addition, it highlights emerging good practices.
more
Ahead of World Malaria Day, the WHO Global Malaria Programme published a new operational strategy outlining its priorities and key activities up to 2030 to help change the trajectory of malaria trends, with a view to achieving the global malaria targets. The strategy outlines 4 strategic objectives
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where WHO will focus its efforts, including developing norms and standards, introducing new tools and innovation, promoting strategic information for impact, and providing technical leadership of the global malaria response.
I
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Workshop Presentation
Le panorama du paludisme a profondement changé durant la dernière décénnie. Les financements ont augmenté, les outils permettant de sauver des vies ont été mis en œuvre à plus grande échelle, la charge du paludisme a diminué et un nombre grandissant de pays envisagent son élimination.
C
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e cadre actualisé fait le point sur les outils, les activités et les stratégies nécessaires pour atteindre l'élimination du paludisme et empêcher la reprise de la transmission dans les pays, quelle que soit l'étape à laquelle ils se trouvent sur la route menant à l'élimination ou l’intensité de la transmission. Le cadre est destiné à servir de référence pour élaborer des plans stratégiques d’élimination du paludisme au niveau national et doit être adapté aux contextes locaux.
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Through technical consultations with countries and partners, WHO has led the development of Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats Module 1: Planning for respiratory pathogen pandemics. Version 1.0. The Module, currently available as an advanced draft, builds on previous pandemic lessons a
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nd guidance, and has the following new elements:
It presents an integrated and efficient respiratory pathogen pandemic planning approach covering both novel pathogens and those known to have pandemic potential;
It enables coherence in addressing pathogen-agnostic and pathogen-specific elements for better preparedness;
It gives an organizing framework including operational stages and triggers for escalation and de-escalation between pandemic preparedness and response periods;
It contextualizes 12 IHR (2005) core capacities within the five components of health emergency preparedness, response and resilience (HEPR), from the respiratory threats perspective; and
It describes the critical sectors for respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness to trigger multisectoral collaboration.
WHO will finalize and publish this Module after a global technical meeting that will be held on 24-26 April 2023.
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