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HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) genotyping is an essential component of the WHO global HIVDR surveillance strategy. Plasma “gold standard” specimen type for HIVDR genotyping, but its use may not be feasible in rural, remote areas in low- and middle-income countries, since preparing and storing it
...
require personnel and laboratory infrastructure that are often lacking. An alternative specimen type is dried blood spots (DBS), which can be made without special laboratory processing. DBS are more easily transported than plasma because they can be shipped at ambient temperature as non-hazardous materials using regular mail or courier services.
3rd edition
more
HIV drug resistance strategies focus on prevention through adherence and treatment optimization, surveillance to monitor resistance trends, and innovation in new drugs and diagnostics. Key approaches include implementing national action plans, strengthening laboratory capacity for monitoring, and pr
...
oviding comprehensive care, especially for vulnerable populations
more
Guidelines on lenacapavir for HIV prevention and testing strategies for long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis. Web Annex G Abstract
This brief report summarizes recent information on HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in the era of integrase-strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) for HIV prevention and treatment.
Topics in Antiviral Medicine, March 4, 2025
CDC leads an international surveillance effort to estimate the occurrence of HIV drug resistance among people with HIV who are taking dolutegravir (DTG)-based treatments. This surveillance effort utilizes Cyclical Acquired HIV Drug Resistance Surveillance (CADRE), a laboratory-based HIV drug resista
...
nce monitoring process.
more
During ARV drug pressure the HIV-1 RT is able to develop resistance to these drugs by generating mutations
ATIC Newsletter, Vol 15, Issue 1,
February 2022.
СТАНДАРТ МЕДИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ.
These clinical guidelines, released by the Ukraine Ministry of Health in 2025, include the latest recommendations for HIV services, including oral PrEP and injectable cabotegravir (CAB) for PrEP.
what lessons can we take from the last few decades of health behaviour change efforts as we enter the era of HIV prevention pills, rings and injections?
These 2025 guidelines respond to the need for better approaches to identify advanced HIV disease, improve the poor outcomes of people living with HIV being discharged from hospital and provide updated guidance for treatment for Kaposi’s sarcoma through evidence-informed recommendations. The public
...
ation contains recommendations that are from previously published WHO guidelines documents on advanced HIV disease and introduces new recommendations that were developed in 2025.
more
JAMA. 2025;333(7):609–628. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.24543
Dosing of LPV/r by formulation & dose modification (RTV super-boosting/double-dose LPV/r) for children receiving rifampicin-containing TB treatment. Chart
What is new in this guideline. Fact Sheet
The emergence of high-level dolutegravir resistance was extremely rare in people switched to first-line dolutegravir-based treatment in Zambia and Malawi, a large prospective study has found.
Modelling shows that it will be essential to complement lenacapavir with additional prevention options, testing and treatment. See “Meeting reports” at https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/publications/all for a description of models and tools to estimate potential impact and quantifications requ
...
ired for lenacapavir
more
1.HIV infections – drug therapy. 2.Anti-HIV agents – adverse effects. 3.Anti-retroviral agents. 4.Benzoxazines – adverse effects. 5.Pregnancy. 6.Disease transmission, Vertical - prevention and control. 7.Treatment outcome. I.World Health Organ
...
ization
more
Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection
Accessed: 26.02.2020
The aim of the operational framework is to ensure 1) accurate collection, handling, shipment and storage of specimens collected in countries implementing HIV drug resistance surveillance; and 2) the availability of quality-assured HIV genotyping laboratory services producing comparable and reliable
...
results at the national, regional and global levels.
This publication updates the WHO HIVResNet HIV drug resistance laboratory operational framework published in 2017 and reflects technical and strategic developments over the past three years.
more
Demographic and socioeconomic data Progress towards HIV testing and treatment cascade targets by 2025 (2023) Health sector cascade (2023) Estimated number of people newly infected with HIV
