Primary health care offers a cost–effective route to achieving universal health coverage (UHC). However, primary health-care systems are weak in many low- and middle-income countries and often fail to provide comprehensive, people-centred, integrated care. We analysed the primar...y health-care systems in 20 low- and middle-income countries using a semi-grounded approach. Options for strengthening primary health-care systems were identified by thematic content analysis. We found that: (i)despite the growing burden of noncommunicable disease, many low- and middle-income countries lacked funds for preventive services; (ii)community health workers were often under-resourced, poorly supported and lacked training; (iii)out-of-pocket expenditure exceeded 40% of total health expenditure in half the countries studied, which affected equity; and (iv)health insurance schemes were hampered by the fragmentation of public and private systems, underfunding, corruption and poor engagement of informal workers. In 14 countries, the private sector was largely unregulated. Moreover, community engagement in primary health care was weak in countries where services were largely privatized. In some countries, decentralization led to the fragmentation of primary health care. Performance improved when financial incentives were linked to regulation and quality improvement, and community involvement was strong. Policy-making should be supported by adequate resources for primary health-care implementation and government spending on primary health care should be increased by at least 1% of gross domestic product. Devising equity-enhancing financing schemes and improving the accountability of primary health-care management is also needed. Support from primary health-care systems is critical for progress towards UHC in the decade to 2030.
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Profile of Health Crisis Response within District with High Disaster Risk: District of Kapuas, Indonesia
Profile of health crisis response of district, area or cities in Indonesia with high risk of natural disaster : Kutai City, Indonesia
Profile of Health Crisis Response within District with High Risk of Natural Disaster : District of Morotai Island, Indonesia
Profile of Crisis Response of District Health or Disaster Risk at East Halmahera District, Indonesia
Profile of Crisis Response of District Health / Disaster Risk: Regency of Pulang Pisau, Indonesia
Profile of health crisis response of area, city or district in indonesia with high risk of natural disaster : Bengkulu City, Indonesia
Profile of health crisis response of cities, area or districts in Indonesia with high risk of natural disaster : District of Kolaka, Indonesia
Profile of Health Crisis Response within District with High Risk of Natural Disaster : District of Middle Halmahera, Indonesia
Profile of Health Crisis Response within District with High Risk of Natural Disaster : District of Sambas, Indonesia
Profile of Health Crisis Response within District with High Risk of Disaster : West Halmahera-District, Indonesia
Handbook World Aids Day 2014
Handbook for HIV/Aids Training
Indonesia's TB Guidelines
Profile of Health Crisis Response within District with High Risk of Natural Disaster : District of Lebong, Indonesia
Profile of Crisis Response of District Health or Disaster Risk in District of North Central Timor, Indonesia
Profile of health crisis response of area, city and district in Indonesia with high risk of natural disaster : District of East Kutai, Indonesia
Profile of Health Crisis Response within District with High Risk of Disaster : District of Central Bengkulu, Indonesia
EVALUATION REPORT | The purpose of the evaluation is to strengthen child protection programming in the context of emergencies by assessing UNICEF’s performance and drawing lessons and recommendations that will influence ongoing and future programmes, in both preparedness and response. Apart from g...lobal and regional interviews and desk reviews, the evaluation is grounded in a solid base of evidence from four indepth case studies of recent emergency responses, in Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and South Sudan, as well as extensive research covering eight additional countries.
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Over the ages, human societies have altered local ecosystems and modified regional climates. Today the human influence has attained a global scale. This reflects the recent rapid increase in population size, energy consumption, intensity of land use, international trade and travel, and other human a...ctivities. These global changes have heightened awareness that the long-term good health of populations depends on the continued stability of biosphere's ecological, physical and socioeconomic systems.
The world's climate system is an integral part of the complex of life-supporting processes. Like other large systems, the global climate system is coming under pressure from human activities.
This book seeks to describe the context and process of global climate change, its actual or likely impacts on health, and how human societies and their governments should respond with particular focus on the health sector.
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