Η ανακάλυψη πριν από 80 περίπου χρόνια ότι ουσίες που παράγονται από μύκητες ή βακτήρια μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν θεραπευτικά για την ίαση διαφόρων λοιμώξεων, έφε...ε επανάσταση στα τότε ιατρικά δεδομένα. Οι λοιμώδεις νόσοι αποτελούσαν τότε την πρώτη αιτία θανάτου για κάθε ηλικιακή ομάδα. Το γεγονός αυτό ανατράπηκε με την έναρξη της χρήσης των ουσιών αυτών, που ονομάστηκαν αντιβιοτικά λόγω της ιδιότητας τους να καταστρέφουν τα μικρόβια. Έκτοτε εκατομμύρια ζωές έχουν σωθεί με τη χορήγηση αντιβιοτικών για την αντιμετώπιση σοβαρών λοιμώξεων. Σήμερα, οκτώ δεκαετίες μετά, οι πολύτιμες αυτές για τον άνθρωπο ουσίες χάνουν με συνεχώς επιταχυνόμενο ρυθμό την αποτελεσματικότητά τους λόγω επίτασης του φαινομένου της Μικροβιακής Αντοχής στα αντιβιοτικά.
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Primary care represents the first level of personal health care services in the community, which ensures accessible, continual,
whole-person care for health needs throughout an individual’s lifespan. Primary care professionals work with patients and
their families to address their immediate and ...long-term health needs and not just for a set of specific diseases with an
approach that addresses the broader determinants of health and the interrelated aspects that influence people’s physical,
mental, and social well-being.
Nurses have a key role to play in primary care in expanding, connecting and coordinating care. Through their training and
work, they are well placed and have been shown to provide safe and effective care in disease prevention, diagnosis,
treatment, management and rehabilitation. The purpose of this document is to provide guidance and inspiration for
policymakers, instructors, managers and clinicians
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This Pharmaceutical Country Profile for Kenya (2010) has been developed by the Ministry of Medical Services with support of the World Health Organization. The Profile contains information on existing socio-economic and health-related conditions, resources, regulatory structures and processes and out...comes relating to the pharmaceutical sector in Kenya.
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Orientaciones provisionales 2 de noviembre de 2020
Estas orientaciones provisionales son una actualización de la versión anterior, publicada el 31 de mayo de 2020 bajo el título “Harmonized modules for health facility assessment modules in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic...”. Esta labor de actualizaciónha permitido perfeccionar y seguir desarrollando el contenido de los módulos.
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Despite some improvements, current levels of air pollution still pose a considerable risk to the environment and to human health in the WHO European Region. One issue of concern is that monitoring of particulate matter is very limited in the countries of eastern Europe, the Caucasus and central Asia.... This paper summarizes the evidence about the health effects of air pollution from particulate matter and presents the policy implications, the aim being to stimulate policy-makers to develop more effective strategies to reduce air pollution and its health effects in those countries.
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Este folleto presenta los datos sobre la mortalidad por ENT y la prevalencia de factores de riesgo de las ENT, para los países en la región de las Américas. Su contenido está enfocado en la agenda 5 x 5 de ENT que incluye las principals ENT (enfermedades cardiovasculares, cáncer, diabetes y enf...ermedades respiratorias crónicas) y la salud mental (suicidio); así como los principales factores de riesgo de ENT (consumo de tabaco, uso no civo del alcohol, dieta p oco s aludable, ac tividad física insuficiente) junto con la contaminación del aire. Incluye información sobre el número y porcentaje de muertes, tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas por edad, muerte prematura por ENT y la prevalencia de los principales factores de riesgo de las ENT.
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Procurement and supply management activities are fundamental to consistent and reliable access to essential medicines and health products. To reduce the impact of CVD, action needs to be taken to improve prevention, diagnosis, care and management of CVD diseases. Affordable essential medicines and t...echnologies to manage CVD disease must be available where and when they are required. Medicines and technologies need to be managed appropriately to ensure that the correct medicines are selected, procured in the right quantities, distributed to facilities in a timely manner, and handled and stored in a way that maintains their quality. This needs to be backed up by policies that enable sufficient quantities to be procured in order to reduce cost inefficiencies, ensure the reliability and security of the distribution system, and encourage the appropriate use of these health products. In order to avoid stock-outs and the disruption of treatment, all related activities need to be conducted in a timely manner, with performance continually monitored, and prompt action taken in response to problems that may arise. Additionally, medication must be dispensed correctly and used rationally by the healthcare provider and patient alike. The purpose of this guide is to explain the necessary steps.
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In many low- and middle-income countries, there is a wide gap between evidencebased recommendations and current practice. Treatment of major CVD risk factors remains suboptimal, and only a minority of patients who are treated reach their target levels for blood pressure, blood sugar and blood choles...terol.
In other areas, overtreatment can occur with the use of non-evidence-based
protocols. The aim of using standard treatment protocols is to improve the quality
of clinical care, reduce clinical variability and simplify the treatment options,
particularly in primary health care. Standard treatment protocols can be developed by preparing new national treatment guidelines or by adapting or adopting international guidelines.
The Evidence-based protocols module uses hypertension and diabetes screening
and treatment as an entry point to control cardiovascular risk factors, prevent target organ damage, and reduce premature morbidity and mortality. A comprehensive risk- based approach for integrated management of hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol is included in the Risk-based CVD management module.
This module includes clinical practice points and sample protocols for:
1. hypertension detection and treatment
2. type 2 diabetes detection and treatment
3. identifying basic emergencies – care and referral.
HEARTS emphasizes adaptation, dissemination, and use of a standardized set of
simple clinical-management protocols, which should be drug- and dose-specific,
and include a core set of medications. The simpler the protocols and management tools, the more likely they are to be used correctly, and the higher the likelihood that a programme will achieve its goals.
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