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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Africa CDC Consortium for COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Trials (CONCVACT)

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C1

August 2020, The Africa Joint Continental Strategy for COVID-19 is underpinned by the need to limit transmission, prevent deaths and reduce associated harms. Participation by African nations in clinical trials is an essential step to ensure that sufficient data is generated on the safety and efficac... more

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Менингит. Болезнь, требующая соблюдения мер предосторожности от заражения воздушно-капельным путём

University of Washington Medical Center University of Washington Medical Center (2006) C2

В этой брошюре рассказывается о том, что такое бактериальный менингит (т.е. менингит, который вызван бактериями Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae, и Haemophilus influenzae) и каковы �... more

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IPC guidelines for ambulances transferring known or suspected COVID-19 cases
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C1

These guidelines outline the minimum operational guidance for infection prevention and control (IPC) in ambulances transferring suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. Ambulance staff should be trained in the procedures outlined here as part of their induction and prior to starting work. They are ... more

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Zimbabwe National Pharmacovigilance Policy Handbook, 2nd ed.

Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) | Ministry of Health and Child Care (2016) C2

The Zimbabwe National Pharmacovigilance Policy Handbook, 2nd Edition updates the November 2013 version to indicate the Zimbabwe National Pharmacovigilance (PV) Centre’s compliance with the WHO Pharmacovigilance Indicators Handbook 2015.

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El programa regional de capacitación y certificación de profesionales en bioseguridad y bioprotección

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) C1

Biosafety involves the implementation of containment principles, technologies and practices to prevent unintentional exposure to biological agents. Biosecurity involves the protection, control and accountability of biological materials and information related to these materials and dualuse research,... more

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Formação e certificação para profissionais de biossegurança e bioproteção

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) C1

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COVID-19 & Community Health Workers
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) CC

2-Day Orientation training Orientation Training, 1 Febr. 2021 Community Health Workers (CHWs) are an essential part of the Partnership to Accelerate COVID-19 Testing (PACT) Initiative • Africa CDC set up PACT to drive forward the Africa Union Joint Continental Strategy for COVID-19 Available in ... more

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Defining Disability - A Guideline for Medical Doctors and Primary Health Care Workforce

Prof. AHM E. Hussain; Dr. N. Mohammad; Dr. Md. R. Karim; et al. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh DGHS Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health and Family Welfare ; NCDC; drra; et al. (2019) C2

January 2019 Non Communicable Disease Control Programme Directorate General of Health Services Health Services Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare

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National Guidelines on TB/HIV Management and Program Collaboration and Implementation Manual, 2nd ed.

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services (2016) C1

National Tuberculosis Control Program; Mycobacterial Disease Control National AIDS/STD Program

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8 Ways to Prevent Breast Cancer

Siteman Cancer Center Locations (2021) C1

Breast cancer. Just reading those words can make many women worry. And that’s natural. Nearly everyone knows someone touched by the disease. But there is a lot of good news about breast cancer these days. Treatments keep getting better, and we know more than ever about ways to prevent the disease... more

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Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Toolkit: Adaptation for Latin America and the Caribbean. School/youth module

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies IFRC (2017) C1

In the battle against diseases like Zika and dengue, knowledge is power. Climate change is shifting the distribution of mosquitoes and to new areas. Empowering communities is essential in reaching and pro- tecting the most vulnerable individuals and households. Vector control programmes, community... more

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Ethiopia - Multi-Sectorial Cholera Elimination Plan 2022 - 2028

Government of Ethiopia (2023) C2

The Ethiopia Multi-Sectorial Cholera Elimination Plan (2022-2028) outlines a national strategy to eliminate cholera in Ethiopia by 2028. The plan follows the Global Roadmap to End Cholera by 2030 and is based on six key pillars: Leadership & Coordination, Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH), Surveill... more

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Knowledge, attitudes and practices about human African trypanosomiasis and their implications in designing intervention strategies for Yei county, South Sudan

Bukachi, SA.; Mumbo, AA.; Alak, ACD.; Sebit, W.; Rumunu, J. et al. PLOS Neclected Tropical Diseases (2018) CC

A clear understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of a particular community is necessary in order to improve control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT).New screening and diagnostic tools and strategies were introduced into South Sudan, as part of integrated delivery of primar... more

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Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Toolkit: Adaptation for Latin America and the Caribbean. Community Module

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2017) C1

The school and a community teaching modules are aimed at preventing vector-borne diseases through community participation. Meanwhile, the interactive toolkit is meant to be help raise awareness on health, sanitation and vector control. These materials will help volunteers and practitioners foster di... more

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Namibian Antimicrobial Resistance National Action Plan

Pharmaceutical Services, Directorate Tertiary Health Care and Clinical Support Services Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibia (2017) CC2

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is occurring everywhere in the world, compromising the ability to treat infectious diseases, as well as undermining many other advances in health and medicine. Underlying factors that drive AMR include; weak or absent surveillance and monitoring systems, inadequate sys... more

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Rwanda Malaria Indicator Survey 2013

Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division (MAL & OPD Division-RBC) [Rwanda] and ICF International (2014) C2

The 2013 RMIS is a nationally representative, household-based survey that provides data on malaria indicators, which are used to assess the progress of a malaria control program. The primary objective of the 2013 Rwanda Malaria Indicator Survey (2013 RMIS) was to provide up-to date information on th... more

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Interim Guidance Document on Cholera Surveillance

Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) World Health Organisation WHO (2017) C_WHO

The objective of this guidance document is to support the public health professionals in implementing effective surveillance of cholera in at-risk, endemic and epidemic areas. This document has been developed by the Surveillance Working Group of the Global Task Force for Cholera Control (GTFCC) a... more

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Resource Manual on Flash Flood Risk Management - Module 3: Structural Measures

A. Bhakta Shrestha; E. GC; R. Prasad Adhikary; S. Kumar Rai International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, ICIMOD, Nepal (2012)

This publication, the third module of a resource manual to support the training of planners and practitioners in managing flash flood risk, deals with structural measures. It presents bioengineering techniques, physical measures for slope stabilisation and erosion control, and physical measures for ... more

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Rwanda: one health strategic plan (2014-2018)

Republic of Rwanda (2014) C2

The strategic plan reflects shared commitments to enhance collaboration between environmental, animal (wildlife and domestic) and human health, and building new One Health workforce capacity through higher institutions of learning. The strategy also outlines interventions to be undertaken by governm... more

IPC guidelines for ambulances transferring known or suspected COVID-19 cases recommended

COVID-19 & Community Health Workers recommended

IPC guidelines for ambulances transferring known or suspected COVID-19 cases
recommended

COVID-19 & Community Health Workers
recommended