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National Guidelines for Implementation of HIV Prevention Programmes for Female Sex Workers in Nigeria

National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Government of Nigeria (2014) C1

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Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) Survey among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and Transgender (TG) in Terai Highway Districts of Nepal, Round I, 2016

National Center for AIDS and STD Control (2016) C1

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Reponse à la pandémie COVID- 19 pour les états membres.

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2020) C1

Mars 2020. Recommendations selon les differentes phases

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Guidelines for Quarantine facilities COVID-19

National Centre for Disease Control (formerly National Institute of Communicable Diseases) National Centre for Disease Control (formerly National Institute of Communicable Diseases) (2020) C2

The purpose of this document is to provide interim guidance for setting up of quarantine facilities Accessed: 16.04.2020

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Nepal National Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines

National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) Nepal (2009)

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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A comprehensive systematic review for identifying the risk factors for carrying aTrypanosoma cruzi infection in non-endemic countries

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2024) CC

Mass population movements have accounted for the emergence of Chagas disease (CD) outside endemic regions, including the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The parasite responsible for causing CD, Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), can be transmitted through substances of human origin (SoH... more

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COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission- first update

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

23 Dec 2020. The aim of this document is to provide an update on the knowledge surrounding the role of children in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the role of schools in the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the experience in the EU from August–December, 2020. This document also addresses transmissio... more

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Operation manual for isoniazid preventive therapy

Government of India; Ministry of Healt; Family Welfare National AIDS Control Organization (2016) C2

June, 2016

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Safe use of personal protective equipment in the treatment of infectious diseases of high consequence

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2014) C1

A tutorial for trainers in healthcare settings Version 2: 2 Dec 2014 "The document focuses on an extended set of PPE components, which includes goggles, respirators, gloves, coveralls and footwear. Used properly, these PPE components can provide effective protection even from airborne transmissi... more

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Operational guidance on rapid risk assessment methodology

Katrin Leitmeyer; Dilys Morgan, Hilary Kirkbride and Bengü Said European Centre for Disases Prevention and Control ECDC (2011)

ECDC Technical Document

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Euroopa Liidu tuberkuloosi käsitluse standardid – ajakohastatud 2017. aastal

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2018) CC

European Union Standards for Tuberculosis Care 2017 Estonian Version

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Statement of guidance and recommendations to African Union Member States on the epidemic modelling of the COVID-19 pandemic

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) C1

Many African countries were amongst the most rapid to respond to the emerging threat of COVID-19, implementing large-scale interventions at very early stages of their epidemic. As demonstrated in this document using very simple models, this rapid mobilization and timeliness of implementing control m... more

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Standards der Europäischen Union für die Tuberkuloseversorgung – Aktualisierung von 2017

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2018) CC

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Public health guidance on screening and vaccination for infectious diseases in newly arrived migrants within the EU/EEA

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018) C1

The main objective of this guidance is to provide scientific advice, based on an evidence-based assessment of targeted public health interventions, to facilitate effective screening and vaccination for priority infectious diseases among newly arrived migrant populations to the EU/EEA. It is intended... more

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EU Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in human health

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2017) C_CDC

These Guidelines on prudent use of antimicrobials in human health are based on a technical report prepared by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) with input from EU Member States experts and stakeholders, which should be referred to for details of the methodology used in cr... more

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Continuum of HIV care Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2017 progress report

T. Noori European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017) C2

Special Report This report of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) was coordinated by Teymur Noori. Report review was provided by Andrew J. Amato-Gauci, Anastasia Pharris, Annabelle Gourlay, Amanda Mocroft, Jan C. Semenza, Denis Coulombier and Piotr Kramarz.

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Standardele Uniunii Europene de îngrijire a tuberculozei – actualizare 2017

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2018) CC

European Union Standards for Tuberculosis Care 2017 Update (Romanian Version)

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Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016) C1

The aim of this handbook is to provide network members and other laboratories involved in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, with an agreed list of key diagnostic methods and their protocols in various areas of TB diagnosis, ranging from microbiological diagnosis of active TB to the diagnosis of latent ... more

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ECDC/EFSA/EMA second joint report on the integratedanalysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents andoccurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria fromhumans and food-producing animals

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) andEuropean Medicines Agency (EMA) (2017) C_CDC

The second ECDC/EFSA/EMA joint report on the integrated analysis of antimicrobial consumption (AMC) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals addressed data obtained by the Agencies’ EU-wide surveillance networks for 2013–2015. AMC in both sectors, exp... more