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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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National Health Strategy and Guidelines for Bangladesh

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (2009) C1

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Getting Contraceptives To Health Facilities: 10 Questions For Community-Based Groups To Consider
recommended

USAID, Deliver Project Christian Connections for International Health (CCIH) (2012) C1

This Guide helps all the health care providers in the non- public sector to explore alternative means of access to contraceptives and skills to determine quantities required and management of stock. Health care providers include community health workers, nurses and midwives, clinical officers and me... more

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Checklist for assessing quality of healthcare -Health Facilities

Kenya Ministry of Health (2021) C1

Kenya Quality Model for Health - Health Facilities

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Integrating Sustainable Oral Health Services into Primary Care in School-Based Health Centers: A Framework

National Maternal & Child Oral Health Resource Center (2016) C1

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Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports The DHS Program (2017) C1

The 2015-16 MDHS is a national sample survey that provides up-to-date information on fertility levels; marriage; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; child feeding practices; nutrition; adult and childhood mortality; awareness and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS; women�... more

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Nepal: National Communication Strategy for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health 2011-2016

Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population (2011) C1

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Trends in the alignment and harmonization of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health funding, 2008–13

Martinez-Alvarez M.; Achary A.; Arregoces L. et al. Health Affairs (2017) CC

Donor financing to low- and middle-income countries for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health increased substantially from 2008 to 2013. However, increased spending by donors might not improve outcomes, if funds are delivered in ways that undermine countries’ public financial managemen... more

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Making products available among community health workers

Chandani, Y.; S. Andersson, A. Heaton, et al. (2014) CC

Evidence for improving community health supply chains from Ethiopia, Malawi and Rwanda. Journal of Global Health vol. 4 No.2 (2014)

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The world's most neglected displacement crisis

Norwegian Refugee Council (2018) C1

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Food Security in a World of Natural Resource Scarcity. The Role of Agricultural Technologies

Mark W. Rosegrant | Jawoo Koo | Nicola Cenacchi; et al. International Food Policy Research Institute (2014)

This book is aimed at policymakers in ministries of agriculture and national agricultural research institutes, as well as multilateral development banks and the private sector and provides guidance on various technology strategies and which to pursue as competition grows for land, water, and energy ... more

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Kenya: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for Community Health Services (2014-2018)

Ministry of Health, Kenya; Community Health Services Unit (2014) C1

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Institutions for Health Care Delivery: A Formal Exploration of What Matters to Health Workers

Serneels, P. & Lievens, T. Human Resources for Health (2008) C2

Health Systems for Outcomes Publication | Using qualitative data from Rwanda, this study focuses on four institutional factors that affect health worker performance and career choice: incentives, monitoring arrangements, professional norms and health workers’ intrinsic motivation. It also provides... more

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Mental Health Work at Work, in Schools, Prevention of Depression and Suicide

European Union EU (2017) CC

Good Practices in Mental Health & Well-being

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Promoting the Health of Men who Have Sex with men Worldwide

M. Sundararaj; R. Zahn; K. Mason; et al. MSMGF; John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (2014) C2

A Training Curriculum for Providers

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Rwanda: National Human Resources for Health Policy

Ministry of Health, Rwanda (2014) C2

The Human Resources for Health policy (HRH) will provide guidelines and the direction toward strengthening the planning, management, utilization and monitoring of health sector human resources; not forgetting responses to the contemporary challenges and developments in the sector including the mobil... more