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Publication Years
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2
Although Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been isolated from a variety of food production animals, they are most commonly associated with ruminants from which we derive meat and milk. Because of the widespread and diverse nature of ruminant-derived food production, coupled with the
...
near ubiquity of STEC worldwide, there is no single definitive solution for controlling STEC that will work alone or in all situations. Instead, the introduction of multiple interventions applied in sequence, as a “multiple-hurdle scheme” at several points throughout the food chain (including processing, transport and handling) will be most effective.
This report summarizes the review and evaluation of interventions applied for the control of STEC in cattle, raw beef and raw milk and raw milk cheese manufactured from cows’ milk, and also evaluates available evidence for other small ruminants, swine and other animals. The information is presented from primary production, to the end of processing, providing the reader with information on the currently available interventions based on the latest scientific evidence.
This work was undertaken to support the development of guidelines for the control of STEC in beef, raw milk and cheese produced from raw milk by the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH).
more
This first online course is geared at helping healthcare workers in diagnosing and managing all aspects of dengue in order to avoid complications and fatalities.
This course was developed with a comprehensive vision. It is divided into seven modules that include:
Epidemiological
...
information on dengue,
Pathophysiology of clinical manifestations,
Clinical and differential diagnosis,
Severity classification,
Recommendations for the management of dengue according to its severity and
Managing patients with comorbidities.
more
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for 81% of all deaths in the region of the Americas, of which 34% befall prematurely in people between 30- 69 years old. The burden of theses diseases and their common risk factors jeopardize the health
...
systems to provide adequate management, as well as to implement customized policies and interventions. The PAHO/WHO STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS) is a simple, sequential, standardized method for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on key NCD risk factors in countries in adults from 18 to 69 years old. This survey covers key modifiable risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol use, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, as well as key biological risk factors: overweight and obesity, raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, and abnormal blood lipids. STEPS is a household survey that gathers information on the risk factors through a face-to-face interview (step 1), simple physical measurements (step 2), and collection of urine and blood samples for biochemical analysis (step 3). Every step has a core set of questions, measurements, and expanded sets depending on the countries' needs and interests. It also has optional modules. Implementing STEPS allows the comparability of data within and between countries due to its standardized data collection. It also helps health services plan public health priorities and monitors and evaluates population-wide interventions. It is designed to help countries build and strengthen their capacity to conduct surveillance. STEPS captures 11 of the 25 indicators outlined in the NCD Global Monitoring Framework relating to 7 of the nine global targets.
more
Rabies is an infectious viral disease that is almost always fatal once clinical symptoms appear.
In most cases, the disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of a rabid dog, but infection can also spread through scratches or via saliva.
Rabies kills one person every 9 minutes and children aged
...
5–14 years are frequent victims.
Yet rabies is 100% vaccine preventable. Vaccinating dogs is the most cost-effective way to prevent rabies in people.
Education about dog behaviour, immediate care measures after a bite, responsible dog ownership and bite prevention are essential components of rabies elimination.
WHO and partners aim to achieve zero human rabies deaths by 2030.
The time to act is now.
More information: http://www.who.int/rabies/en/
more
We developed an integrated vector surveillance (IVS) proposal for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas, based on eco-epidemiological studies conducted by researchers of the Leishmaniasis Research Network of Argentina. For CL, the transmission was explained in
...
the framework of the edge effect, the increase of vectors and risk of exposure at ecotones and environmental interfaces, and typified as ephemeral, transient, or permanent edges, supporting a cost-effective IVS strategy for early warning of CL outbreaks through an environmental modification alert network, which includes multiple sources of information and actors. In relation to VL, the earliest colonization sites and spatial distribution were explained by modeling and forecasting the most likely hotspots, persistent in time and space, and modulated by environmental variables. Therefore, for VL, a scalar strategy of critical site selection is proposed from a “city” scale based on secondary sources such as remote sensing for the definition of possible areas to monitor and intervene, a scale of restriction from possible to most likely areas through local knowledge, and a “focal site” scale of trap placement through field observation; in this way, IVS activities are carried out at a few sites of the urban landscape and allow a sustainable program.
more
During the 17 years since Surgical approaches to the urogenital manifestations of lymphatic filariasis was first published, there has been heightened awareness of the physical, economic and emotional burden of the genitourinary manifestations of filariasis. With the impetus to provide better guidanc
...
e for care of those suffering from LF, this update was both warranted and timely.
At the outset, the Committee noted that barriers continue to exist in care of patients affected by LF-associated morbidity. These barriers include lack of information for patients as well as for many healthcare providers, including general surgeons and others within health systems
This update offers a new consensus of the Committee regarding the staging of hydroceles caused by LF, also known as “filariceles”. It recommends integrating LF surgery with other efforts to strengthen surgical care by assessing health facilities for their surgical readiness using the WHO surgical assessment tool or “SAT”. It also recommends integratinghernia surgery with hydrocele surgery and integrating standards for prevention of surgical site infection (SSI).
The update revises recommendations for standard procedures and processes, offers an algorithm for diagnosis (including the use of ultrasound) and discusses postoperative care. It recommends collecting data using the staging and grading system described by Capuano and Capuano along with other metrics for public health management of LF.
A multifaceted approach has therefore been recommended to coordinate public health outreach with national surgical planning and local health systems to include supporting partners such as nongovernmental organizations. Surgical camps with mobile teams, as well as training of personnel at DCP3 “first level” or WHO Level II hospitals (depending on region and resources), have important roles for reducing LF morbidity.
more
The previous report of the WHO Expert Committee on this disease
followed a meeting in 1995. Intensive, coordinated efforts against HAT during
the intervening 18 years have resulted in a decrease in incidence to a point at
which elimination is considered feasible. This report provides
...
information about
new diagnostic approaches, new therapeutic regimens and better understanding
of the distribution of the disease with high-quality mapping. The roles of human
and animal reservoirs and the tsetse fly vectors that transmit the parasites are
emphasized. The new information has formed the basis for an integrated strategy
with which it is hoped that elimination of HAT will be achieved. The report also
contains recommendations on the approaches that will lead to elimination of the
disease.
more
This volume contains monographs prepared at the ninety-first meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), which met virtually online from 1 to 12 February 2021.
The detailed monographs in this volume summarize data on specific contaminants in food. Individual monographs
...
present the assessment of exposure to cadmium from all food sources, the technical, analytical, dietary exposure and toxicological data on ergot alkaloids, an assessment of five substances that may occur as previous cargoes, and a revision of the specifications for steviol glycosides. This volume and others in the WHO Food Additives series contain information that is useful to those who produce and use food additives and veterinary drugs and those involved with controlling contaminants in food, government and food regulatory officers, industrial testing laboratories, toxicological laboratories and universities.
more
The thirty-seventh meeting of the Programme, Budget and Administration Committee was held in Geneva from 25 to 27 January 2023 and chaired by Ms Aishath Rishmee (Maldives). The Committee adopted its agenda and agreed its programme of work. In his opening remarks, the Director-General emphasized the
...
crucial work on the financial future of the Organization, most significantly implementation of the Programme budget 2022−2023 and development of the Proposed programme budget 2024−2025, which would be the first to benefit from the agreed increase in assessed contributions. He welcomed the work of the Agile Member States Task Group on Strengthening WHO’s Budgetary, Programmatic and Financing Governance with its recommendations for long-term improvements in reform, prevention of and response to sexual abuse and harassment, new web-based information portals and a new replenishment process for consideration by Member States. Efforts were also under way to improve impact at country level, and he would continue to report to Member States on progress. He was heading an agile, proactive and fast-responding WHO, committed to implementing plans approved by Member States.
more
This updated manual provides a basic understanding of the principles of laboratory and point-of-care (POC) testing in the context of screening and diagnostic approaches, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing, as components of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) control. As with previous
...
editions, this manual covers each disease in a separate chapter which provides detailed information on specimen collection, transport and laboratory testing. Two useful annexes covering media, reagents, diagnostic tests and stains (recipes) and laboratory supplies are included at the end of the manual.
more
Food inspection is crucial for ensuring food safety, using risk-based approaches to target high-risk products and businesses. This guidance aids national authorities in designing and implementing risk-based systems, offering step-by-step instructions, examples, and tools for prioritization and inspe
...
ction frequency estimation. It emphasizes adapting to individual country needs and recognizing variations in food risks and production chain characteristics. The document underscores resource-efficient, risk-based food inspection systems, prioritizing high-risk products and businesses to prevent safety incidents proactively. It suggests designing models based on relevant information and periodically adjusting them for continuous improvement.
more
Atlas of Colposcopy: Principles and Practice
IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO)
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
The atlas is a rich repository of annotated photographs and illustrations covering almost all aspects of common and rare colposcopic abnormalities. It is a useful addition to the training tools and hands-on training in colposcopy in structured training courses or under the tutorship of experienced a
...
nd competent expert trainers. The information and illustrations in this atlas have immense potential to be directly useful in the training of nurses, postgraduate students, non-specialist doctors, and gynaecologists in colposcopy, as well as in the day-to-day clinical practice of experienced colposcopists. In this context, this atlas will find its place among the resources that will contribute to cervical cancer control worldwide.
more
Ahead of World Malaria Day, the WHO Global Malaria Programme published a new operational strategy outlining its priorities and key activities up to 2030 to help change the trajectory of malaria trends, with a view to achieving the global malaria targets. The strategy outlines 4 strategic objectives
...
where WHO will focus its efforts, including developing norms and standards, introducing new tools and innovation, promoting strategic information for impact, and providing technical leadership of the global malaria response.
I
more
This document is the second in a series of global reports describing progress towards the 2030 targets set in Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030. It describes a wide range of activities, accomplishments and challenge
...
s across the portfolio of NTDs and across all six WHO regions. The report presents epidemiological and programmatic data for 2022, which were gathered, compiled and analysed in 2023. In some cases, 2023 data are available and presented; in other cases, less recent information is included, when 2022 data are not available. In addition, it presents the main facts or events that occurred in 2023.
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The prevalance of asthma an allergy, defined as immunologically mediated hypersensitivity, is increasing. It is estimated that over 20% of the world population suffers from IgE-mediated allergic disease, such as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis, atopic eczema/atopic der
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matitis, and anaphylaxis. Asthma, which in more than 50% of adults and in at least 80% of affected children is allergic, occurs in around 5-15% in the paediatric population. Asthma it estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to affect about 150 million people worldwide, placing an enormous strain on health resources in many countries, and is a major cause of hospitalizations for chronic diseases in children in the western wolrd.
Information may be derived from areas where a rapid increase in disease has occured, to from the basis for prevention strategies in areas where the prevalence of these diseases is still low. Where current expert opinion is still divided, where future research is required, or studies have provided negative results, the available information may prevent the implementation of unnecessary, restrictive, and costly avoidance strategies.
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In February 2008, WHO launched the Atlas of HAT as a collaborative initiative with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), within the framework of the Programme Against African Trypanosomosis (PAAT). The Atlas database is built by the systematic collection of
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information around every HAT case detected worldwide, actively or passively, in endemic and non-endemic countries, and also on the surveillance activities carried out per village. The data are aggregated by year, by location and by some other parameters. All cases and activities are georeferenced at the village level to within an average accuracy of about 1.4 km. The Atlas contains complete information since the year 2000 from the 25 countries reporting at least one HAT case
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Policy Brief. Good practice statement: When planning and implementing a response for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted diseases (STIs), policy-makers and providers should be aware that
counselling behavioural interventions aimed to change behaviours to reduce risks associated
with th
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ese infections for key populations have not been shown to have an effect on HIV, viral
hepatitis and STIs’ incidence nor on risk behaviour such as condom use and needle/syringe
sharing. Counselling and information sharing, not aimed at changing behaviours, can be a key
component of engagement with key populations and, when provided, it should be in a nonjudgemental manner, alongside other prevention interventions and with involvement of peers
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This resource was written to support persons who seek to initiate a support group for suicide loss survivors. Suicide bereavement support groups offer a wide range of benefits that can help individuals to navigate the difficult time following a loss. First and foremost, a support group provides a ch
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ance to break the silence and reduce the stigma surrounding suicide by creating a space where individuals can openly discuss their grief. It also serves as a source of information about suicide and bereavement. It is important to note that support groups are not a replacement for professional help and that support groups may not be for everyone.
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The page lists and describes a number of mobile apps and digital tools provided by WHO/EMRO to support prevention, monitoring and response to epidemic- and pandemic-prone diseases. These include apps focused on diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Zika virus disease, travel-rel
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ated infection prevention, and general infection-control guidance.
In addition, there are tools such as assessment instruments for infection prevention and control programmes (IPC), and portals for emerging infectious-disease information and outbreak investigation support.
Overall, the page serves as a gateway to digital resources that help healthcare workers and public-health professionals access WHO technical guidance, coordinate outbreak responses, and implement control measures for a variety of infectious-disease threats.
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The goal of producing these Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) was therefore targeted at fostering standardization across all levels of care to ensure HIV viral load monitoring remains a basic right offered to all people living with HIV (PLHIV) on lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) regardless o
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f their location and place where they are accessing care.
These SOPs are designed to provide practical information to healthcare providers. They must be considered as supplementary and secondary to all guidelines issued by the MOH, including the Malawi Clinical Management of HIV in Children and Adults Guidelines and the Malawi HIV Testing Services (HTS) Guidelines.
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