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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Prevention, identification and management of health worker infection in the context of COVID-19 (Arab Version)
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

This document provides interim guidance on the prevention, identification and management of health worker infection in the context of COVID-19. It is intended for occupational health departments, infection prevention and control departments or focal points, health facility administrators and public ... more

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Ensuring health security in the African region - Emergency preparedness and response flagship programmes

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Africa (2022) C_WHO

The World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO), in accordance with recommendations from various WHO committees, has developed three flagship programmes to support Member States in the African region to prepare for, detect and respond to public health emergencies. They are the re... more

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Liberia MIS 2016 - Infographic

The DHS Program (2017) C2

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National Village Health Teams (VHT) Assessment in Uganda

Ministry of Health, Republic of Uganda (2015) C1

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Guideline for Management, prevention and Control of Nipah Virus Infection including Encephalitis

Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh (2011) C1

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Comprehensive Literature Review on Village Based Health Workers in Myanmar: Extending Services to Communities

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports (2017) C1

The main goal of the National Health Plan (NHP) 2017-2021 is to extend access to a basic Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) to the entire population while increasing financial protection. In order to extend service delivery to all communities, the NHP calls for all health workers (whether c... more

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Malawi Malaria Operational Plan FY2017

President’s Malaria Initiative, CDC, MCHIP, MCSP (2016) C1

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Guidelines for Management of Malaria in Zimbabwe

Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe (2009) C1

DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED AND SEVERE MALARIA

External Link

Optimizing HIV testing services in sub-Saharan Africa: cost and performance of verification testing with HIV self-tests and tests for triage

J. W. Eaton; F. Terris-Prestholt; V. Cambiano; et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society (2019) C2

Eaton JW et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2019, 22(S1):e25237 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jia2.25237/full | https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25237

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Regional Guidelines for the Management of Severe Falciparum Malaria in Small Hospitals

Polrat Wilairatana, Srivicha Krudsood, Ma. Sandra B. Tempongko et al. WHO South-East Asia New Delhi (2006) C1

These are two parallel guidelines, one for small hospitals and another one for large hospitals. In view of heavy burden of malaria and prevalence of drug resistant falciparum malaria in the South-East Asia Region, the guidelines were developed for use by medical personnel who treat severe malaria pa... more

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The Current State of CHW Training Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

Cindil Redick& annah Sarah Faich Dini One Million Community Health Workers Campaign | mPowering Frontline Health Workers (2014) C2

What We Know, What We Don’t Know, and What We Need to Do

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The malaria testing and treatment landscape in Benin

Zinsou, C.; A. Bello Cherifath ACT Watch Group et al (2017) C1

Malar J (2017) 16:174 DOI 10.1186/s12936-017-1808-x Background: Since 2004, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Benin. In 2016, a medicine outlet survey was implemented to investigate the availability, price, and market share of... more

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India: Guidelines For Multipurpose Health Worker (Male)

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2010) C1

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Whole of Syria Cholera Outbreak Situation Report no.2 Issued 08 October 2022

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA (2022) C1

The Ministry of Health (MoH) of Syria officially declared a cholera outbreak on 10 September 2022, with the majority of cases reported from Aleppo, Deir-ez-Zor and Al-Hasakeh governorates. Since the situation report issued on 26 September 2022, the number of confirmed and suspected cases continues t... more

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Recomendações para estratégias nacionais de testagem para SARS-CoV-2 e capacidades diagnósticas

Organización Mundial de Saude and OPAS OPAS (2021) C_WHO

Orientação provisória 25 de junho de 2021 Recommendations for national testing strategies for SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostic capabilities

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Clinical Guidelines: HIV Diagnosis - Chapter 2

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2019) C_WHO

Accessed: 29.09.2019

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Collection testing and transfusion kit 2021 (CTT kit 2021)

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

To provide supply & equipment to collect, test and transfuse 50 blood bags. The new Collection testing and transfusion kit 2021 is specially designed for emergency settings where blood transfusion is crucial. It contains all the necessary supply & equipment needed to collect blood, test it agains... more

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WHO COVID-19: Case Definitions Updated in Public health surveillance for COVID-19

World Health Organisation WHO (2022) C_WHO

22 July 2022. This document provides the case definitions for public health surveillance of COVID-19 in humans caused by SARS-COV-2 infection.

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List of CD4 machines India

National AIDSControl (NACO), Government of India; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, et al. (2017)

Accessed August 31,2017

Prevention, identification and management of health worker infection in the context of COVID-19 (Arab Version) recommended

Prevention, identification and management of health worker infection in the context of COVID-19 (Arab Version)
recommended