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Screening for cardiovascular disease risk and subsequent management in low and middle income countries: challenges and opportunities

Bovet, P.; Chiolero, A.; Paccaud, F. et al. Public Health Reviews (2015) CC

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly heart attack and stroke, is the leading cause of premature mortality in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD is an important strategy to prevent and control CVD, in addition to multisector ... al population-based interventions to reduce CVD risk factors in the entire population. Methods: We describe key public health considerations in identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD in LMICs. Results: A main objective of any strategy to identify individuals at high CVD risk is to maximize the number of CVD events averted while minimizing the numbers of individuals needing treatment. Scores estimating the total risk of CVD (e.g. ten-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD) are available for LMICs, and are based on the main CVD risk factors (history of CVD, age, sex, tobacco use, blood pressure, blood cholesterol and diabetes status). Opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors enables identification of persons with high CVD risk, but this strategy can be widely applied in low resource settings only if cost effective interventions are used (e.g. the WHO Package of Essential NCD interventions for primary health care in low resource settings package) and if treatment (generally for years) can be sustained, including continued availability ofaffordable medications and funding mechanisms that allow people to purchase medications without impoverishing them (e.g. universal access to health care). Thisalso emphasises the need to re-orient health systems in LMICs towards chronic diseases management. Conclusion: The large burden of CVD in LMICs and the fact that persons with high CVD can be identified and managed along cost-effective interventions mean that health systems need to be structured in a way that encourages patient registration, opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors, efficient procedures for the management of chronic conditions (e.g. task sharing) and provision of affordable treatment for those with high CVD risk. The focus needs to be in primary care because that is where most of the population can access health care and because CVD programmes can be run effectively at this level. more

Developmental Disabilities

Institute of Medicine (US); Committee on Nervous System Disorders in Developing Countries; National Academy of Sciences (2001) C2

Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Nervous System Disorders in Developing Countries. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001.

WHO best practices for injections and related procedures toolkit

World Health Organization; SIGN (2010) C_WHO

The WHO guidelines provide recommended steps for safe phlebotomy and reiterate accepted principles for drawing, collecting blood and transporting blood to laboratories/blood banks.

KENYA AIDS RESPONSE PROGRESS REPORT 2016

Ministry of Health and National AIDS Control Council, Republic of Kenya (2016) C2

Situational assessment checklist to guide implementation of the global strategy for tuberculosis research and innovation

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Best Practices in Water and Sanitation

Dennis Warner, and Christopher Seremet USAID, CRS (2008)

Lebanon: National Action PLan On Combating Antimicrobial Resistance

Republic of Lebanon - Ministry of Public Health (2019) C_WHO

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health concern and Lebanon is of no exception to this issue. The spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is considered an alarming public health threat, with a potential extent similar to global warming and other social and environmental t ... more

Standard operating procedure for care and protection of children in street situations

Save the Children (2017) C1

India | The ‘Standard Operating Procedures for Care, Protection and Rehabilitation of Children in Street Situations’, is a unique endeavour to streamline the processes and interventions regarding Children in Street Situations, based on the prevailing legal and policy framework.

WHO recommendation on duration of bladder catheterization after surgical repair of simple obstetric urinary fistula

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

WHO has issued a new recommendation on the length of bladder catheterization following surgical repair of a simple obstetric urinary fistula. Currently the length of catheterization is not standard and ranges from 5 to 42 days. The new guidance recommends a 7–10 day period of bladder catheterizati ... more

Cardiovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Hyperlipidaemia Care
recommended

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania Tanzania Diabetes Association (2014) CC

Case Manangement Training Modules

World Health Organization strategy (‎2022-2026)‎ for the National Action Plan for Health Security

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

This strategy defines the World Health Organization (WHO) vision and framework for supporting Member States to accelerate the development, implementation and monitoring of their National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) from 2022 to 2026. The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) ... more

GUIDELINES FOR GOOD CLINICAL TRIAL PRACTICE IN ZIMBABWE

Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) (2012) C2

Kenya: National Health Accounts 2012/2013

Ministry of Health (2013) C1

Namibia 2012/13 Health Accounts Report

Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia (2015) C1

Improving Financial Access to Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Services for the Poor in Nigeria

Cynthia Green (2012) C1

Manual of diagnostic ultrasound. Vol. 2 – 2nd ed.

Elisabetta Buscarini, Harald Lutz and Paoletta Mirk WHO (2013)

Antimicrobials use, reistance and containment baseline survey (Ethiopia)

Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia , et al. (2009) C1

Emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a result of the use, overuse and misuse of antibiotics both in humans and animals. In Ethiopia, there are indications on the misuse of antibiotics by health care providers’, unskilled practitioners, and drug consumers. These coupled with rapid spread of res ... more

Uganda: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017

World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

Community Empowerment Manual

We World GVC (2020) C1

The present Community Empowerment Manual draws upon the lessons learned of the Community Protection Approach implementation in Lebanon, the occupied Palestinian territory and Central America during the period 2015-2020 by WeWorld – GVC and its partners. The Manual means to accompany Field Staff i ... more

HIV and young people who inject drugs

A. Armstrong; J. Baer; R. Baggaley; et al. UNAIDS; World Health Organization; UNFPA; et al. (2015) C_WHO

Technical Brief