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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and response on the utilisation of health services in public facilities during the first wave in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Hategeka C, Carter SE, Chenge FM, et al. BMJ Global Health (2021) CC

INTRODUCTION: Health service use among the public can decline during outbreaks and had been predicted among low and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) started implementing public health measures across Kin... more

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Caring for those who care. Guide for the development and implementation of occupational health and safety programmes for health workers

World Health Organization WHO; ILO (2022) C_WHO

Occupational health and safety programmes aim to prevent diseases and injuries arising out of, linked with or occurring in the course of work, while improving the quality and safety of care, safeguarding the health workforce and promoting environmental sustainability in the health sector. This gu... more

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Community Health Volunteers' Decision Support System Project

P. Bakibinga, Kamande E. , Kisia L., et al. African Population and Health Research Centre APHRC (2018) C1

This report presents the key findings of the end-of-project assessment of households and community health volunteers, conducted in 2017 in the Kamukunji and Embakasi sub-counties of Nairobi, Kenya, for a Community Health Volunteers’ Decision Support System (CHV DSS) intervention project. The re... more

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Achieving quality universal health coverage through better water, sanitation and hygiene services in health care facilities: A focus on Ethiopia

World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

A two-week mission was conducted by WASH and quality UHC technical experts from WHO headquarters and supported by the WHO Ethiopia Country Office (WASH and health systems teams) in July 2016, to understand how change in WASH services and quality improvements have been implemented in Ethiopia at nati... more

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HEARTS. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Systems of Monitoring

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2018) C_WHO

Monitoring is a crucial element in any successful programme. It is important to know if health care facilities – and ultimately countries – are meeting the agreed goals and objectives for preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Monitoring is the on-going collection, management ...and use of information to assess whether an activity or programme is proceeding according to plan and/ or achieving defined targets. Not all outcomes of interest can be monitored. Clear outcomes must be identified that relate to the most important changes expected to result from the project and to what is realistic and measurable within the timescale of the project. Once these outcomes have been articulated, indicators can be chosen that best measure whether the desired outcomes are being met. To allow progress to be monitored, this module provides a set of indicators on CVD management. Agreeing on a set of indicators allows countries to compare progress in CVD management and treatment across different districts or subnational jurisdictions, as well as at a facility level, identify where performance can be improved, and track trends in implementation over time. Monitoring these indicators also helps identify problems that may be encountered so that implementation efforts can be redirected. This module starts from the collection of data at facility level, which is then “transferred up” the system: facility-level data are aggregated at subnational level to produce reports that allow tracking of facility and subnational performance over time and allow for comparison among facilities. National-level data are obtained through population-based surveys. Implementing a monitoring system requires action at many levels. At national and subnational levels, staff can determine how best to integrate data elements into existing data collection systems – such as the routine service-delivery data that are collected through facility-level Health Management Information Systems (HMIS). In the facility setting, personnel must be aware of what data are needed. Sample data-collection tools are included, recognizing that countries use different datamanagement systems for HMIS, so the CVD monitoring tools will be adapted to work with the HMIS system being used by the country, such that the indicators can be collected with minimal disruption/work to existing systems and tools more

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Antimicrobial resistance and primary health care

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

Despite the considerable improvement in global health, millions of people still lack access to quality health services, including access to effective antimicrobial medicines, or are impoverished as a result of health spending. At the same time, antimicrobial resistance – a consequence of overuse a... more

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Interim Guidance for a Public Health Response to Contain Novel or Targeted Multidrug-resistant Organisms (MDROs)

Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2019) C_CDC

This document is intended for use by state and local health departments and healthcare facilities and serves as general guidance for the initial response for the containment of novel or targeted multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) or resistance mechanisms. It is not intended to describe all the ac... more

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Communities, universal health coverage and primary health care

Sacks, E.; et al. (2015) C_WHO

Bull World Health Organ 2020;98:773–780 Universal health coverage (UHC) depends on a strong primary health-care system. To be successful, primary health care must be expanded at community and household levels as much of the world’s population still lacks access to health facilities for basic... more

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Infection Control for Viral Haemorraghic Fever in the African Health Care Setting

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , World Health Organization WHO (1998)

Important Guideline for Ebola prevention and control It is designed for the following uses: - for prevention through preparedness--to help African health facilities make advance preparations for responding with appropriate precautions when a VHF (including Ebola) case is suspected. - for pl... more

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Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns,in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
recommended

World Health Organization WHO, IFRC; UNICEF (2020) C_WHO

The COVID-19 pandemic is challenging health systems across the world. Rapidly increasing demand for care of people with COVID-19 is compounded by fear, misinformation and limitations on the movement of people and supplies that disrupt the delivery of frontline health care for all people... This g... more

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WHO Guidance for Climate Resilient and Environmentally Sustainable Health Care Facilities
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

The aim of this guidance is to enhance the capacity of health care facilities to protect and improve the health of their target communities in an unstable and changing climate; and to empower health care facilities to be environmentally sustainable, by optimizing the use of resources and minimizing ... more

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Buruli ulcer : diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease : a manual for health care providers

F. Portaels; Johnson, P.; Meyers, W. World Health Organization WHO (2001) CC

This manual is to assist health care providers and laboratory scientists to diagnose mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). The manual aims to achieve a better understanding of the clinical presentation and its diagnosis. The methods described are tailored to various levels of care and avail... more

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Infection Control outside the VHF Treatment Facility

MSF (2008)

This section deals with implementing and improving infection control practices in hospitals, health centres and other health services in the outbreak area. It explains the need for, and implementation of, effective triage procedures, and basic requirements for infection control and supporting activi... more

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Multilateral organizations and global health initiatives

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2009) CC

A variety of international organizations are involved in mobilizing resources from both public and private sources and using them to extend development assistance to low-and middle-income countries around the world. They provide country-focused financial and technical assistance to developing count... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Joint Operational Framework Health and Protection

Protection Cluster; UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2023) C1

Each humanitarian setting provides distinct opportunities and challenges for actors to coordinate and collaborate at strategic and operational levels. The Health and Protection Joint Operational Framework has been developed to ensure that the health and protection response during humanitarian emerge... more

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Ebola and Indirect Effects on Health Service Function in Sierra Leone

Håkon Angell Bolkan Donald Alpha Bash-Taqi Mohammed Samai Martin Gerdin Johan von Schreeb (2014)

Bolkan HA, Bash-Taqi DA, Samai M, Gerdin M, von Schreeb J. Ebola and Indirect Effects on Health Service Function in Sierra Leone. PLOS Currents Outbreaks. 2014 Dec 19. Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.0307d588df619f9c9447f8ead5b72b2d. Inpatient health services have been severely affecte... more

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Upgrading Guidelines/Information of Health Facilities and Utilities Ministry of Health Republic of Zambia March

Ministry of Health, Zambia (2016) C1

The Ministry of Health together with its partners realizes that efficient and effective delivery of clinical care is highly dependent on the availability of appropriately upgraded environment, which is in well facilitated space. Such facilities and utilities should always be properly designed, bu... more

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The Critical Role of Community Health Workers in COVID-19 Vaccine Roll Out
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) CC

Since the emergence of COVID 19 in December 2019, various public health responses measures have been implemented to control the pandemic. Among measures taken by the Africa CDC was the launch of PACT initiative to accelerate COVID 19 testing. Key to the initiative is the engagement of Community Heal... more

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Improving Infection Prevention and Control Practices at Health Facilities in Resource-Limited Settings
recommended

Wonder Goredema Jane Briggs Mupela Ntengu, et al. USAID; SIAPS (2016) C1

SIAPS Technical Report. This report summarizes key accomplishments and lessons learned in implementing SIAPS’ approach to improving IPC practices in four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Jordan, and Ethiopia. All activities address SIAPS’s overall objective to build or enhance national and faci... more

Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns,in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic recommended

WHO Guidance for Climate Resilient and Environmentally Sustainable Health Care Facilities recommended

The Critical Role of Community Health Workers in COVID-19 Vaccine Roll Out recommended

Improving Infection Prevention and Control Practices at Health Facilities in Resource-Limited Settings recommended

Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns,in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
recommended

WHO Guidance for Climate Resilient and Environmentally Sustainable Health Care Facilities
recommended

The Critical Role of Community Health Workers in COVID-19 Vaccine Roll Out
recommended

Improving Infection Prevention and Control Practices at Health Facilities in Resource-Limited Settings
recommended