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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

The guidelines are primarily intended for health-care professionals working in first- or second-level health-care facilities, including emergency, inpatient and outpatient services. They are also directed at policy-makers, health-care planners and programme managers, academic institutions, non-gover... more

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Directives De Mise En Oeuvre De La Politique Nationale De La Sante Communautaire

Ministere de la Santé, Diréction Nationale de la Santé, République du Bénin (2016) C2

Le but de ce document des directives est de contribuer à une mise en oeuvre harmonieuse de la politique nationale de santé communautaire et l’objectif principal est de permettre aux parties prenantes de disposer d’une ligne de conduite claire pour la mise en oeuvre de la politique de santé ... more

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Programme national d'assurance qualité en santé - Burkina Faso

Ministère de la Santé, Burkina Faso (2003) C2

Le présent document qui fait suite à la recommandation ci-dessus citées se veut une traduction de l’objectif n°4 du Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS)3 . Il traduit la volonté du gouvernement burkinabé de développer un cadre de référence pour tout intervenant dans le dom... more

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Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should Humanitarian Health Actors Know?
recommended

IASC Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2010) C1

This document is for humanitarian health actors working at national and sub-national level in countries facing humanitarian emergencies. It applies to Health Cluster partners, including governmental and non-governmental health service providers. Based on the IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psy... more

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Will you lead? - A Guide to Grassroots Advocacy for Women Infected and Affected by HIV/AIDS

A. Yager; T. Welsh; Y. Tabi; et al. HIV law project (2010) C2

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Myanmar National Water Policy (Burmese Version)

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Transport, National Water Resources Committee (2014) C1

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Lignes directrices de l'OMS sur la prise en charge des complications des mutilations sexuelles féminines Resumé
recommended

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS (2016) C_WHO

Resumé

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Plan stratégique national de réponse aux infections sexuellement transmissibles et au Sida à Madagascar 2013-2017

Comité National de Lutte contre le Sida, Présidence de la Transition, République de Madagascar (2013) C1

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National Disaster Risk Management Plan

Thailand, National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee (2015) C1

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Consideraciones sobre el uso de antivirales, anticuerpos monoclonales y otras intervenciones para el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe

Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS (2022) C_WHO

26 de abril del 2022. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud presenta estas consideraciones con el fin de apoyar la toma de decisiones relativa al manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 en la Región de las Américas. Las recomendaciones tienen en cuenta la evidencia más reciente, el estado de vacunac... more

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Achieving Health Equity in Contested Areas of Southeast Myanmar (Burmese Version)

Davis, Bill; Jolliffe, Kim The Asia Foundation (2016) C1

In many of Myanmar’s contested regions, healthcare services are provided through two parallel governance systems – by the government’s Ministry of Health, and by providers linked to ethnic armed organizations. Building upon efforts to build trust between these two actors following ceasefires s... more

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Healthy planet, healthy people. Understanding the relationship between human health and natural systems

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (2022) C2

Human activities are driving fundamental changes to the biosphere and disrupting many of our planet’s natural systems. There is increasing scientific evidence that the unfolding climate crisis, global pollution, unprecedented levels of biodiversity loss, and pervasive changes in land use and cover... more

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Holding gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic: WHO policy brief, 2 August 2021

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C1

3 August 2021- Gatherings are events characterized by the concentration of people at a specific location for a specific purpose over a set period of time. The aim of this policy brief is to present WHO’s position on, and guidance in relation to, holding gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic. It... more

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Closing the loop: Effective feedback in humanitarian contexts

Bonino, F. with Jean, I. and P. Knox Clarke ALNAP (2014)

This guidance is intended for people designing /or implementing feedback mechanisms in a humanitarian programme. It also available in Arabic, Spanish and French

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Scaling-up COVID-19 outbreak readiness and response operations in humanitarian situations including camps and camp-like settings
recommended

Inter-Agency Standing Committee IASC, IFRC, IOM, WHO (2020) C_WHO

Interim Guidcance March 2020 People affected by humanitarian crises, particularly those displaced and/or living in camps and camp-like settings, are often faced with specific challenges and vulnerabilities that must be taken into consideration when planning for readiness and response operations for... more

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Interim Guidance: Gender Alert for COVID-19 Outbreak

Inter-Agency Standing Committee IASC, et al. (2020) C1

Recognizing the extent to which the COVID-19 outbreaks affects women and men differently is hugely important. Some preliminary data suggested that more men than women are dying, potentially due to sex-based immunological differences, higher rates of cardiovascular disease for men and lifestyle choic... more

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Mpox Continental Preparedness and Response Plan for Africa
recommended

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2024) C_WHO

On August 13, 2024, the Africa CDC declared the mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS). The following day, the WHO declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). A coordinated, continent-wide response is essential, co-led by the African Union... more

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The Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance Using Public Health Laboratory-Based Sentinel Sites in Ethiopia 2016-2020

The Ethiopian Public Health Institute (2017) CC

Ethiopia Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Plan

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Case Study: Community Engagement and Accountability

Myanmar Red Cross Society (2016) C1

Integrating community engagement and accountability into disaster risk reduction activities of the Maternal, Newborn and Child Healthcare programme in rural Myanmar

WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care recommended

Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should Humanitarian Health Actors Know? recommended

Lignes directrices de l'OMS sur la prise en charge des complications des mutilations sexuelles féminines Resumé recommended

Scaling-up COVID-19 outbreak readiness and response operations in humanitarian situations including camps and camp-like settings recommended

Mpox Continental Preparedness and Response Plan for Africa recommended

WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care
recommended

Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should Humanitarian Health Actors Know?
recommended

Lignes directrices de l'OMS sur la prise en charge des complications des mutilations sexuelles féminines Resumé
recommended

Scaling-up COVID-19 outbreak readiness and response operations in humanitarian situations including camps and camp-like settings
recommended

Mpox Continental Preparedness and Response Plan for Africa
recommended