Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease that requires differential diagnosis and proper classification to identify appropriate therapy. Nonpharmacologic therapy and preventative measures should be utilized to prevent worsening of disease, symptoms, and complications. The Gl...obal Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines classify a patient’s COPD and provide recommendations for first-line treatment. The 2021 update included information regarding the use of e-cigarettes as nicotine replacement, triple therapy, and how the SARS-CoV-2 virus impacted patients with COPD. This article will focus on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of COPD, as well as recently updated information regarding the use of e-cigarettes and the impact of COVID-19.
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                                                                MMWR. Recommendations and Reports:
December 16, 2005 / 54(RR15);49-55
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                                                Guidelines for Therapy and Management of Urothelial Urinary Bladder Cancer 
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                                                The Lancet Published Online 
October 8, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(21)02143-7
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                                                Mortality  statistics  are  fundamental  to  public  health  decision  making.  Mortality  varies  by  time  and  location,  and  its  measurement  is  affected  by  well  known  biases  that  have  been  exacerbated  during  the  COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to estimate excess mortality from ...the COVID-19 pandemic in 191 countries and territories, and 252 subnational units for selected countries, from Jan 1, 2020, to Dec 31, 2021.
The Lancet. 10 March 2022. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3.
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