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The cost of inaction on health equity and its social determinants

Yerramilli P., Chopra M., Rasanathan K. BMJ Global Health (2024) CC

Rising levels of inflation, debt and macrofiscal tightening are putting expenditures on the social sectors including health under immense scrutiny. Already, there are worrying signs of reductions in social sector investments. However, even before the pandemic, evidence showed the significant returns... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2024

Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development United Nations (UN) (2024) CC

The world is facing a sustainable development crisis. The 2024 Financing for Sustainable Development Report: Financing for Development at a Crossroads finds that financing challenges are at the heart of the crisis and imperil the SDGs and climate action. The window to rescue the SDGs and prevent a c... more

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ОБРАЗЦОВАЯ ПРАКТИКА УХОДА ЗА БОЛЬНЫМИ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2018) CC

Best Practice for the Care of Patients with Tuberculosis: a Guide for Low-Income CountriesThe practical aspects of TB patient care from the onset of symptoms to the completion of treatment are covered in this guide.

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TB-HIV Services: An Integrated Approach

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2017)

Accessed November 2017

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Nepal: Health Sector Strategy: An Agenda for Reform

Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal (2004) C1

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Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4)

U.S. Global Change Research Program (2018) C2

The Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) fulfills that mandate in two volumes. This report, Volume II, draws on the foundational science described in Volume I, the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR).2 Volume II focuses on the human welfare, societal, and environmental elements of climate cha... more

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Vaccine misinformation management field guide

The Public Good Projects; UNICEF; First Draft, Yale Insitute for Global Health (2020) C_UNICEF

Guidance for addressing a global infodemic and fostering demand for immunization December 2020 Misinformation threatens the success of vaccination programs across the world. This guide aims to help organizations to address the global infodemic through the development of strategic and well-coordina... more

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District HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Profiles Developed through Data Triangulation - Fact Sheets Bihar

National AIDSControl (NACO), Government of India; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2014) C1

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NAPHS for all: a country implementation guide for national action plan for health security (‎NAPHS)‎ - Second edition
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

Lessons learned from recent public health events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus disease outbreaks, and other public health threats, including earthquakes and floods, have highlighted the need for countries to continuously develop, strengthen, and maintain capacities r... more

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Nutrition in the First 1,000 Days: State of the World’s Mothers 2012

Safe the children (2012)

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Lao People’s Democratic Republic-WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2024–2028

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO

This country cooperation strategy (CCS) outlines how the World Health Organization (WHO) will work with the Lao People’s Democratic Republic over the next five years (2024–2028), supporting the implementation of the five-year health sector development plans and the Health Sector Reform Strategy ...2021–2030 to attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic experienced substantial economic growth in the 30 years prior to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, contributing to reduced poverty and significant progress toward the SDGs. However, the COVID-19 pandemic brought this development to a halt. It was anticipated that the COVID-19 recovery and the tremendous population growth in recent years would provide opportunities for a shift toward more sustainable and inclusive development in the years ahead. In 2023, however, the contrary was the case. Rural residents, including many ethnic minorities, continued to face marginalization because of limited access to education, health care and economic opportunities. Despite the challenges of COVID-19 and other disease outbreaks, the country has made significant improvements in health. Nonetheless, progress has been uneven and not everyone has benefited from these achievements. In the mountainous region, many people lack access to quality health care because of the unequal distribution of well-trained health-care workers. Preventable deaths due to poor-quality health care for children and newborns, infants and mothers remain a concern, as do communicable diseases such as sexually transmitted infections and tuberculosis. The increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases and the health impact of worsening climate change further heighten the need for strengthened and resilient health systems, which are at risk due to an underfunded health sector and weak economy. This CCS aims to address remaining and future challenges as well as health needs while creating an impact that is sustainable. It identifies three strategic priorities and nine deliverables (Table 1) to support the attainment of the national vision of Health for all by all, as articulated in the 9th Health Sector Development Plan 2021–2025. It contributes to the country’s goals to achieve universal health coverage, graduate from least developed country status by 2026 and attain SDGs by 2030. more

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WHO mid-term programmatic and financial report for 2016-2017 including audited financial statements for 2016

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

In an ambitious new era for health development under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, WHO and its partners have a solid foundation of success on which to build. Health plays a fundamental role in development and is the central focus of Sustainable Development Goal 3, “Ensure healthy ... more

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The Socio-Economic Impact of People Living with HIV at the Household Level in Myanmar

Cercone, James; Pinder, Étoile; Pothuis, Michal et al. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports; UNDP (2016) C1

The study collected data on the impact of HIV-related diseases on income, revenues, economic dependency, consumption, education, health, food security, stigma, discrimination, quality of life, and migration. The study also assessed people living with chronic diseases in order to compare the impact o... more

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The BACPR Standards and Core Components for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation 2017

British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (2017) CC

This is an update (third edition) of the BACPR Standards & Core Components and represents current evidence-based best practice and a pragmatic overview of the structure and function of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Programmes (CPRPs) in the UK. The previously described seven standards... more

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Strategic Plan 2016-2020

Myanmar Red Cross Society (2016) C1

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Tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS Patients - Advanced Techniques in Clinical Microbiology

M. Gjergji; J. Bushati; A. Harxhi; H. Hafizi; P. Pipero iMedPub Journals (2017) C2

Research Article Received: August 21, 2017; Accepted: August 29, 2017; Published: Spetember 05, 2017 This article is available in: http://www.imedpub.com/advanced-techniques-in-clinical-microbiology/

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Standard treatment guidelines Otorhinolarygology (ENT)

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India (2020) C1

Accessed Febr.6, 2020

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Rwanda: Non COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Policy

Ministry of Health, Rwanda (2015) C2

This document outlines Rwanda's policy on non-communicable diseases. The overall goal of NCDs Policy is to alleviate the burden of NCDs and their risk factors and protect Rwandan population from premature morbidity and mortality related to NCDs. This policy was developed through a series of consulta... more

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Standard treatment guidelines endocrinology (India)

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India (2020) C1

Accessed Febr. 6, 2020

NAPHS for all: a country implementation guide for national action plan for health security (‎NAPHS)‎ - Second edition recommended

NAPHS for all: a country implementation guide for national action plan for health security (‎NAPHS)‎ - Second edition
recommended