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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination in Bangladesh: 2021-2025

National Malaria Elimination Programme - Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare - Government of Bangladesh (2021) C2

The National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination 2021–2025 outlines Bangladesh’s roadmap to achieve zero indigenous malaria cases by 2030, with an interim goal to reduce transmission to near-zero levels by 2025. The strategy builds upon earlier successes in malaria control and shifts focus to... more

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Rwanda: FAMILY PLANNING POLICY

Government of Rwanda: Ministry of Health, Maternal and Child Health (2012) C2

This policy will serve as a cornerstone from which to address the accessibility of Family Planning services and to encourage its integration with services for HIV/AIDS, maternal health, child health, and other development initiatives. This policy is timely, as Rwanda is embarking on the introduction... more

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APHIAplus End-of-Activity Performance Evaluation

USAID Kenya (2015) C1

USAID/KENYA Evaluation Services and Program Support (ESPS)
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has a solid track record of supporting health and development initiatives in Kenya. AIDS, Population, and Health Integrated Assistance (APHIA) is the agency’s flagship hea... more

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Haiti community health programs. Country profile

USAID, JSI Research and Training Institute, fhi (2014) CC

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Education in Ghana - Data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS)

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and ICF International (2015) C2

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National Guidelines and Operational Manual for Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB (PMDT), 2nd ed.

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Directorate General of Health Services (2013) C1

Specific measures are being taken within the National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) to address the MDR TB problem through appropriate management of patients and strategies to prevent the propagation and dissemination of MDR TB.
The term "Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB" (PMD... more

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Recommendations for Adapting Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) at Temporary COVID-19 Vaccination Sites. Preliminary Document, Version 2.3 - November 2021

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO WHO (2021) C_WHO

Emergency medical teams (EMTs) play an important role in strengthening health service networks in terms of their strategies and tactics for planning mass vaccination programs, especially in remote or under-resourced areas or those overwhelmed by COVID-19. EMTs experience deploying in remote areas an... more

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Reforms in the Health Sector in Ukraine. Revolutionizing care: Ukraine's sectoral approach to anti-corruption health

Steingrüber, S. World Bank (2022) C2

Following the 2014 Euromaidan Revolution, Ukraine embarked on a national reform program to reduce widespread corruption within government. In the health sector, the government introduced several complementary reforms that aimed to improve the health outcomes of Ukrainian citizens, but designed in su... more

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Family Planning 101

Global Health Learning Center (2018) CC

his course provides an overview of the basic information relevant to FP programs and services, including rationale for voluntary FP, contraceptive method considerations, contraceptive options (including short-acting, long-acting, and permanent methods), and FP for clients with special needs. It also... more

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CADEIRA DE RODAS PACOTE DE TREINAMENTO EM SERVIÇOS - Manual do Instrutor (NÍVEL BÁSICO)

Organização Mundial da Saúde; Secretaria de Estado dos Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência de São Paulo World Health Organisation (WHO) (2012) C_WHO

Wheelchair Service Training Package - Basic level | The main purpose of the training package is to develop the minimum skills and knowledge required by personnel involved in wheelchair service delivery. An important aim of the training package is to get it integrated into the regular paramedical/reh... more

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The Boston Medical Center Patient Navigation Toolkit

The Boston Medical Center AVON Foundation for Women The Boston Medical Center AVON Foundation for Women (2020) C1

This toolkit is designed to help you plan and implement a Patient Navigation program with the best chance of reducing health disparities and improving health outcomes for your patients. It contains evidence-based and experience-based examples, case studies, practical tools, and resources to help you... more

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Taking Stock of Reproductive Health in Humanitarian Settings: 2012-2014 Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises' Global Review

Chen Reis, Ruwan Ratnayake (2015)

Conflict and Health, vol. 9 Supplment 1. Free download of all articles at: http://www.conflictandhealth.com/supplements/9/S1 The IAWG has undertaken an updated review to identify services, quantify progress, document gaps and determine future directions for programs, advocacy and funding prioriti... more

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Kenya Quality Model for Health: A Training Course for the Health Sector

Ministry of Health, Kenya USAID (2014) C1

Empowering Health Workers to Improve Service Delivery. This training program is designed to build the capacity of program managers and health providers in quality management, and improve the provision of high-quality health services. Please download the chapters directly from the website: https://w... more

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Smart Capacity Building for Malaria: Experiences from Malawi

Management Science for Health MSH (2020) CC

Through the USAID-funded Organized Network of Services for Everyone’s Health (ONSE) Activity, MSH is assisting Malawi’s National Malaria Control Program to provide high-quality malaria services at the facility and community levels in 10 districts, covering nearly a third of the country. Our ... more

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Sénégal: Enquete continue sur la prestation des services de soins de santé (ECPSS)

Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie Ministère de la Santé et de l’Action Sociale; DHS Program; (2016) C1

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Understanding the challenges of disability in Myanmar

Bawi, Salai Vanni (2012) C1

This predominantly qualitative research on disability and development in Myanmar was conducted between August 2011 and February 2012, in three commercial centres of Yangon, Mandalay and Taunggyi. Stakeholders of service providers, persons with disabilities (PWDs) and families of disabled people were... more

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Community Health Worker Aim Tool

Community Health Impact Coalition (2021) CC

Health systems the world over have embraced the value of community health workers (CHWs) in extending essential services to the community level, improving health equity and progressing toward universal health coverage. Governments now have an opportunity to institutionalize CHW programs and professi... more

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Paquete de Capacitación en servicio de sillas de reudas - Nivel Básico (Manual de referencia del participante)

World Health Organization (WHO) (2012) C_WHO

The main purpose of the training package is to develop the minimum skills and knowledge required by personnel involved in wheelchair service delivery. An important aim of the training package is to get it integrated into the regular paramedical/rehabilitation training programs such as physiotherapy,... more

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CADEIRA DE RODAS PACOTE DE TREINAMENTO EM SERVIÇOS - NÍVEL BÁSICO (Manual de Referência para os Participantes)

World Health Organization (WHO) (2012) C_WHO