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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Evaluatin of the Namibian Community Health Workers Programme

UNICEF; USAID; Maternal and Child Survival Program (2017) C_UNICEF

In 2008 the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) commissioned a national health and social service system review which found that although some progress has been made in primary health care, provision of health services did not go beyond the health facilities, irrespective of the fast dist... more

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SADC Regional Advocacy Strategy on HIV & Aids, Tuberculosis and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Communicable Diseases Project Directorate for Social and Human Development and Special Programmes, SADC Secretariat, Gaborone, Botswana (2015) C1

This regional advocacy strategy on HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) and sexually transmitted infetions (STIs) is intended for use by Southern African Development Community (SADC) Member States at a national level. This is an overall advocacy strategy highlighting the most important issues relating to... more

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Basic Level Public Health Emergency Management Training Module

Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (2012) C1

Participant Modules

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Mental Health and Integration in Asia Pacific

Chee H. Ng (2018) CC

This brief report examines the extent to which community-based treatment and integration support are provided for people living with mental illness across 15 selected Asia-Pacific economies. Some of the key findings are discussed in light of the diversity of economies and cultural contexts. BJPSYCH... more

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Rapid Assessment of Mental Health Needs of Refugees, Displaced and Other Populations Affected by Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations

World Health Organization (2001) C_WHO

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Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola
recommended

World Health Organization (2014)

This document provides a summary of infection control recommendations when providing direct and non-direct care to patients with suspected or confirmed Filovirus haemorrhagic fever (HF), including Ebola or Marburg haemorrhagic fevers. These recommendations are interim and will be updated when additi... more

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Public Health in Ukraine

akkon Hochschule für Humanwissenschaften; Institute for research in international assistance (2022) C2

Despite its rich culture, great economic potential, high level of education and last but not least its sheer size – it is the largest state whose borders lie entirely within Europe and is 1.7 times the size of the Federal Republic of Germany – Ukraine seems far away in perception and awareness. ... more

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WHO-AIMS Report on mental health system in Ghana

World Health Organization WHO WHO (2011) C_WHO

The World Health Organization Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) was used to collect information on the mental health system in Ghana for the year 2011. The goal of collecting this information is to improve the mental health system and to provide a baseline for monitoring the... more

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Caring for those who care. Guide for the development and implementation of occupational health and safety programmes for health workers

World Health Organization WHO; ILO (2022) C_WHO

Occupational health and safety programmes aim to prevent diseases and injuries arising out of, linked with or occurring in the course of work, while improving the quality and safety of care, safeguarding the health workforce and promoting environmental sustainability in the health sector. This gu... more

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Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS). Secondary & Tertiary Care: The District, County & National Health Systems (Liberia)
recommended

Ministry of Health & Social Welfare, Liberia (2011) C1

Essential Drug list on page 36!!

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Namibia: National Health Policy Framework 2010-2020

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2010) C1

“towards quality health and social welfare services”

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World Health Organization (WHO) interventions in Niger through USAID funding from 2020 to 2023

World Health Organization WHO (2023) CC

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been present in Niger since 1960, and acts as the Government's principal advisor on public health and lead of the health cluster. WHO covers all eight regions of the country with 113 staff members in Niamey and in 7 sub-offices (Agadez, Diffa, Zinder, Maradi,... more

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Teacher's guide: Management of wastes from health-care activities

Pruess, A.; W.K. Townend World Health Organization WHO (1999) C_WHO

This Teacher’s Guide accompanies the WHO publication Management of wastes from health-care activities . It provides teaching materials and recommendations for a three day training course, designed mainly for managers of health-care establishments, public health professionals and policy makers

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Occupational health and safety policy and guidelines for the health sector

Ministry of Health Ghana; Ghana Health Service Ghana (2010) C1

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Namibia: National Public Health Laboratory Policy

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2012) C1

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Climate-resilient water safety plans: Managing health risks associated with climate variability and change

World Health Organization (2017) C_WHO

Long-term planning for an adequate and safe supply of drinking-water should be set in the context of growing external uncertainties arising from changes in the climate and environment. The water safety plan (WSP) process offers a systematic framework to manage these risks by considering the implica... more

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Air pollution and child health: prescribing clean air

World Health Organization (2018) C_WHO

This report summarizes the latest scientific knowledge on the links between exposure to air pollution and adverse health effects in children. It is intended to inform and motivate individual and collective action by health care professionals to prevent damage to children’s health from exposure to ... more

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Global Health Essential Core Competencies

AFMC Resource GroupGHEC Committee (2009) CC

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Adolescent Mental Health

Chiara Servili, Juliana Yartey, M.T. Yasamy, et. al. World Health Organization WHO, UNICEF (2012) C_WHO

Mapping actions of nongovernmental organizations and other international development organizations

Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola recommended

Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS). Secondary & Tertiary Care: The District, County & National Health Systems (Liberia) recommended

Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola
recommended

Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS). Secondary & Tertiary Care: The District, County & National Health Systems (Liberia)
recommended