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Sexual Reproductive Health of Women Living HIV/AIDS

World Health Organization; UNFPA (2006)

Guidelines on care, treatment and support for women living with HIV/AIDS and their children in resource-constrained settings

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Public Health Emergency Operations Center (PHEOC) Legal Framework Guide

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) CC

A public health emergency operation center (PHEOC) serves as a hub for better coordinating the preparation, response, and recovery for public health emergencies. A functional PHEOC is critical for the implementation of the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005). The Framework for a Public Healt... more

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HEARTS. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Implementation Guide

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2018) C_WHO

HEARTS provides a set of locally adaptable tools for strengthening the management of CVD in primary health care. HEARTS is designed to enhance implementation of WHO PEN by providing: • operational guidance on further integrating CVD management • technical guidance on evaluating the impact of... more

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Uganda Health Sector Strategic Plan III 2010 - 2014/15

Federal Ministry of Health, Uganda (2010) C1

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Chinese Aid and Health at the Country and Local Level

Cruzatti, J., Dreher, A., and Matzat, J. AidData (2020) CC

We investigate whether and to what extent Chinese development finance affects infant mortality, combining 92 demographic and health surveys (DHS) for a maximum of 53 countries and almost 55,000 sub-national locations over the 2002-2014 period. We address causality by instrumenting aid with a set of ... more

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Health for All – transforming economies to deliver what matters: Final report of the WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All

World Health Organization (WHO) (2023) CC

The Council was established in late 2020 by Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (Director-General, WHO) to provide new economic thinking – reassessing how health and wellbeing are valued, produced and distributed across the economy. An all-female group of 10 distinguished economists and area experts, t... more

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Fiscal Space for Health in Latin America and the Caribbean

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2020) CC

In sum, the goal is to understand the need to increase fiscal space for health as a prerequisite, but within the framework of efforts to transform the health system. These changes should foster equitable and efficient expenditures and create or strengthen comprehensive integrated health systems with... more

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LESOTHO: Health Sector Strategic Plan 2012/13-2016/17

Government of Lesotho (2013) C2

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The Case For Frontiline Health Workers in Addressing Non-Communicable Diseases Globally

IntraHealth International (2016) CC

Frontline health workers (FHWs) provide services directly to communities where they are most needed, especially in remote and rural areas. Many are community health workers and midwives, though they can also include local emergency responders/paramedics, pharmacists, nurses, and doctors who serve in... more

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Health Communications and Community Mobilization During an Ebola Response: Partnerships with Community and Faith-Based Organizations

Santibañez, S., V. Spiegel, M. O'Sullivan, et al (2015)

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Health systems resilience in managing the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from 28 countries

Haldane, V., De Foo, C., Abdalla, S.M. et al. (2021) C1

Nat Med (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01381-y

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Health Policies in Kenya and the new constitution for Vision 2030

Kibui A., Mugo R., Nyaga G., et al. (2015) C1

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The Essential Public Health Functions in the Americas: A Renewal for the 21st Century. Conceptual Framework and Description

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2021) C_WHO

The document is structured into five sections. The first presents the key experiences and challenges that justify a renewal of the EPHFs. The second section updates the groundwork for the exercise of public health and provides a framework to inform the exercise of the new essential functions. The th... more

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Health Care Facilities Resilient to Climate Change Impacts

Paterson, J.; P. Berry, K. Ebi and L. Varangu (2014) CC

nt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(12), 13097-13116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111213097 Climate change will increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events and create risks that will impact health care facilities. Health care facilities will need to assess climate chang... more

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Assessing Facility Capacity, Costs of Care, and Patient Perspectives. Health Service Provision in Kenya

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2014) C1

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Health Response to the Situation in Ar-Raqqa

World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

Establishing trauma referral pathways to provide urgent life-saving assistance for displaced populations and civilians remaining in Ar-Raqqa. In July 2017, a WHO team comprising an external trauma care specialist and two WHO staff members visited the governorates of Ar-Raqqa and neighbouring Al-Ha... more

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Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme Improving Financial Sustainability Based on Expenditure Review

Huihui Wang, Nathaniel Otoo, and Lydia Dsane-Selby World Bank Group (2017) C1

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Rwanda: HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN 2011-2016

Ministry of Health, Rwanda (2011) C2

The purpose of this strategy is to guide the planning, management and development of human resources for health in Rwanda for the period 2011 - 2016. The overall aim of the plan is to increase the number of appropriately skilled, motivated and equitably distributed health service providers for Rwand... more

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Public Spending on Health: A Closer Look at Global Trends

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2018) C_WHO

The 2018 global health financing report presents health spending data for all WHO Member States between 2000 and 2016 based on the SHA 2011 methodology. It shows a transformation trajectory for the global spending on health, with increasing domestic public funding and declining external financing. T... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more