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Infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity to prevent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a systematic review

Durão, S.; Burns, J.; Schmidt, B. et al. BMC Public Health (2023) CC

Background Noncommunicable diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Modifying the risk factors for these conditions, such as physical inactivity, is thus essential. Addressing the context or circumstances in which physical activity occurs may promote physical activity a...t a population level. We assessed the effects of infrastructure, policy or regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase and clinicaltrials.gov to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before-after (CBAs) studies, and interrupted time series (ITS) studies assessing population-level infrastructure or policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity. We were interested in the effects of these interventions on physical activity, body weight and related measures, blood pressure, and CVD and type 2 diabetes morbidity and mortality, and on other secondary outcomes. Screening and data extraction was done in duplicate, with risk of bias was using an adapted Cochrane risk of bias tool. Due to high levels of heterogeneity, we synthesised the evidence based on effect direction. Results We included 33 studies, mostly conducted in high-income countries. Of these, 13 assessed infrastructure changes to green or other spaces to promote physical activity and 18 infrastructure changes to promote active transport. The effects of identified interventions on physical activity, body weight and blood pressure varied across studies (very low certainty evidence); thus, we remain very uncertain about the effects of these interventions. Two studies assessed the effects of policy and regulatory interventions; one provided free access to physical activity facilities and showed that it may have beneficial effects on physical activity (low certainty evidence). The other provided free bus travel for youth, with intervention effects varying across studies (very low certainty evidence). Conclusions Evidence from 33 studies assessing infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity showed varying results. The certainty of the evidence was mostly very low, due to study designs included and inconsistent findings between studies. Despite this drawback, the evidence indicates that providing access to physical activity facilities may be beneficial; however this finding is based on only one study. Implementation of these interventions requires full consideration of contextual factors, especially in low resource settings. more

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Reducing the health and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) impacts of climate change: Setting the scene on health, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) response in a changing climate

IFRC; Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre (2021) CC

A new brief published by the IFRC and Climate Centre today details the adverse impacts of climate change on human health and provides more detail on the second of four pillars of action in the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement ambitions on climate.

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Legal capacity and the right to decide: WHO QualityRights core training: mental health and social services: course guide

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2022) C_WHO

Ensuring mental health and well-being has become a worldwide imperative and an important target of the Sustainable Development Goals. But in all countries around the world, our response has been woefully insufficient, and we have made little progress to advance mental health as a fundamental huma... more

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Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2020

Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development United Nations (UN) (2020) CC

The 2020 Financing for Sustainable Development Report, the fifth report of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development, provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of sustainable finance. Prepared by more than 60 agencies of the United Nations system and partner international organ... more

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The global mental health nursing workforce

International Council of Nurses (2022) C1

The world faces grave consequences from the lack of available mental health services and treatment. Mental illness impacts every country, culture and community, with the World Health Organization (WHO) stating that 10% of the global burden of disease is related to mental, neurological and substance ... more

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Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015

WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division (2015) C_WHO

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Health Systems Assessment Approach

USAID, Health Systems 2020, Partners for Health Reformplus, Quality Assurance Project, and Rational Pharmaceutical Managemen, Management Sciences for Health Mursaleena Islam (2007)

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WHO Guideline on Country Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies

World Health Organization WHO World Health Organization (2020) C_WHO

In recent years, high prices of pharmaceutical products have posed challenges in high- and low-income countries alike. In many instances, high prices of pharmaceutical products have led to significant financial hardship for individuals and negatively impacted on healthcare systems’ ability to prov... more

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Public Health in Medical Curriculum - Student's Toolkit

International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA) (2018) C2

For those passionate about advancing public health education in their medical schools

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National Guidelines and Operational Manual for Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB (PMDT), 2nd ed.

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Directorate General of Health Services (2013) C1

Specific measures are being taken within the National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) to address the MDR TB problem through appropriate management of patients and strategies to prevent the propagation and dissemination of MDR TB.
The term "Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB" (PMD... more

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Kenya National Pharmaceutcal Policy: 2008

Dr F Siyoi, Dr C Forshaw, Dr J Mbuva ,Dr M Thuo, Dr N Mucheru, Dr E Ominde-Ogaja, Dr R Mbindyo, Mrs R Kirika Minister for Medical Services (2008) C1

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In all our Diversity 2015 Highlights

J. Bushee; R. Gustav; J.Hows; et al. GNP+ (Global Network of people living with HIV) (2016) C2

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The Global State of Harm Reduction 2016

K. Stone; G. Sander Harm Reduction International (2016) C2

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Green Climate Fund Proposal Toolkit 2017: Toolkit to develop a project proposal for the GCF

Fayolle, Virginie; Odianose, Serena Acclimatise, Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) (2017) C1

The GCF aims to support developing countries in achieving a paradigm shift to low-emission and climate-resilient pathways. This is achieved by funding innovative and transformative lowemission (mitigation) and climate-resilient (adaptation) projects and programmes developed by the public and private... more

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Global competency and outcomes framework for universal health coverage

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

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Strengthening the collection, analysis and use of health workforce data and information: a handbook

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

Access to health workers who are fit for purpose, motivated and protected is a fundamental force of health service delivery and the achievement of universal health coverage and the health and health-related Sustainable Development Goals. Data and knowledge of the distribution, skill mix and future d... more

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The impact of myopia and high myopia

World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

Report of the Joint World Health Organization–Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia | University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 16–18 March 2015

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Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and considerations during severe shortages
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

23 December 2020 This document summarizes WHO recommendations for the rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in health care settings and temporary strategies during acute supply shortages. This document also contains 2 Annex sections describing updated PPE use recommendations for health... more

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The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security: 2021

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021) C2

The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security: 2021 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and considerations during severe shortages recommended

Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and considerations during severe shortages
recommended