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In Control: A Practical Handbook for Professionals Working in Health Emergencies Internationally RKI

Robert Koch Institut RKI (2023) CC

The greatest risk to persons engaging in international medical emergency response is poor preparation. The In Control handbook hopes to provide a remedy. At the time of writing, we are living through the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, a health emergency that disregards physical borders, brin...gs into focus social inequalities and affects people on every continent. This shared challenge requires unprecedented measures and the collaboration of the brightest minds to support global health protection through this crisis and beyond. Healthcare infrastructures have to be strengthened, public health capacities and processes upgraded, medical countermeasures and vaccinations found and psychosocial side-effects treated. Solidarity is the normative order of the day and the human species has to collaborate to face this invisible threat. Hiding and living in fear is not an option in this interconnected world. We have both a responsibility and an opportunity to make substantial contributions to a safer, healthier and more sustainable future for us all. The existence of this handbook is an impressive example of solidarity. Over 50 authors from more than 15 institutes and organisations have come together voluntarily within a very short time to make their expertise available and enable cross-sectoral thinking. Knowledge is bundled, resources are combined, information gaps are filled. The In Control handbook is not a theoretical treatise of possible dangers, but a collection of subject-matter expertise, written by experts and practitioners who have shaped health topics over the past 20 years in the most diverse corners of the world. The Centre for International Health Protection at the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) is collaborating with its partners and investing heavily in the build-up of operational know-how and capacity to support health crisis response abroad. This is done by preparing and enabling professionals to deploy safely across the world to assist those in need. In Control addresses the multi-faceted challenges of an international deployment. Readers will find not only technical medical information, but also insights into, for example, the fragility of our environment, the cultural differences that influence risk communication or the dilemmas arising from social distancing. Legal principles are highlighted, along with ethical guidance to ensure that our actions and decisions correspond to the highest moral standards. more

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Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on provision of sexual and reproductive health services in primary health facilities in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Adelekan, B.; E. Goldson, Z. Abubakar et al. Repoductive Health Journal (2021) CC

RESULTS: Between 76 and 97% of the PHCS offered RMCAH services before the lockdown. Except in antenatal, delivery and adolescent care, there was a decline of between 2 and 6% in all the services during the lockdown and up to 10% decline after the lockdown with variation across and within States. Dur... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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56o Conselho director - 70a sessão do comitê regional da OMS para as Américas

Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde; Organização Mundial da Saúde (Américas) (2018) C_WHO

Tema 8.22 da agenda provisória Washington, D.C., EUA, 23 a 27 de setembro de 2018 CD56/INF/22 31 de agosto de 2018 Original: inglês/espanhol

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55o conselho director - 68a sessão do comitê regional da OMS para as Américas

Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde; Organização Mundial da Saúde (Américas) (2016) C_WHO

Washington, D.C., EUA, 26 a 30 de setembro de 2016 Tema 4.10 da agenda provisória CD55/14 8 de julho de 2016 Original: inglês

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55.o consejo directivo - 68.a sesión del comité regional de la OMS para las Américas

Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Organización Mundial de la Salud (Americas) (2016) C_WHO

Washington, D.C., EUA, del 26 al 30 de septiembre del 2016 Punto 4.10 del orden del día provisional CD55/14 8 de julio del 2016 Original: inglés

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Activités de l'OMS dans la Région africaine 2016-2017

Organisation mondiale de la Santé , Bureau régional de l’Afrique (OMSAFRO) (2017) C_WHO

Rapport biennal de la directrice régionale

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56e conseil directeur - 70e session du comité régional de l'OMS pour les Amériques

Organisation panaméricaine de la Santé; Organisation mondiale de la Santé (Amériques ) (2018) C_WHO

Washington, D.C., ÉUA, du 23 au 27 septembre 2018 Point 8.3 de l'ordre du jour provisoire CD56/INF/3 14 juillet 2018 Original: anglais

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СТАНДАРТЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ, ОКАЗЫВАЕМОЙ МАТЕРЯМ И НОВОРОЖДЕННЫМ В ЛЕЧЕБНЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ

Всемирная организация здравоохранения (2018) C_WHO

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Gesundheit braucht Politik. Global Health

Verein demokratischer Ärztinnen und Ärzte (2017) C2

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Definição e categorização do momento da transmissão vertical do SARS-CoV-2 Informe científico 8 de fevereiro de 2021

Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) OPAS, OMS (2021) C_WHO

Definition and categorization of the time of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Scientific report 8 February 2021

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Considerações sobre a implementação e o ajuste de medidas de saúde pública e sociais no contexto da COVID-19 Orientação provisória 14 de junho de 2021

Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) OPAS (2021) CC

Considerations on the implementation and adjustment of public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19 Interim guidance 14 June 2021

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Stratégie de Coopération de l'OMS avec la République Centrafricaine (2016-2018)

Moeti, M.; Organisation mondiale de la Santé OMS (2016) C_WHO

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Health in all policies: training manual

World Health Organization (2015) C_WHO

The purpose of this manual is to provide a resource for training to increase understanding of Health in All Policies (HiAP) by health and other professionals. It is anticipated that the material in this manual will form the basis of two- or three-day workshops, which will: • Bu... more

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Synthesized Guidance For COVID-19 Message Development

John Hopkins Bloomberg School (2020) CC

As information about COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, it can be challenging to navigate and synthesize all of the information. The purpose of this document is to provide a synthesized, indexed reference of accurate, standardized COVID-19 information from trustworthy sources. Information is presented in... more