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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Ethical considerations for use of unregistered interventions for Ebola viral disease

World Health Organization (2014)

West Africa is experiencing the largest, most severe, most complex outbreak of Ebola virus disease in history. On 11 August 2014, WHO convened a consultation where the participants concluded that in the particular context of the current Ebola outbreak in West Africa, it is ethically acceptable to of... more

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Psychological first aid during Ebola virus disease outbreaks

World Health Organization (2014) C_WHO

As knowledge on Ebola-related safety measures accumulates, this guidance is provisional. This guide focuses on psychological first aid, which involves humane, supportive and practical help to follow human beings suffering serious crisis events. The guidance has been written for people who help othe... more

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Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance

EuroHealth Observer European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Eurostation (2020) C2

The focus of the current quarterly edition of Eurohealth (from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies) is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and contains the following articles: • Strengthening implementation of AMR national action plans • Fostering clinical developmen... more

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Beating the DRUM in Lower-Income Countries: Domestic Resource Use and Mobilization for SDG3

The Governments of Burkina Faso and Norway, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the World Bank Group Global Financing Facility (GFF) (2018) CC

This paper has been prepared to inform discussion at the conference “Beating the DRUM - Domestic Resource Use and Mobilization for accelerating progress towards SDG3,”. Many countries face critical shortfalls in domestic resource use and mobilization (DRUM) for health, threatening to push health... more

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A Systematic Review of Public Health Emergency Operations Centres (EOC)

Nunn, Marc Word Health Organization (2014)

A public health emergency operations centre (EOC) is a central location for coordinating operational information and resources for strategic management of pugencies and events. EOCs provide communication and information tools and services blic health emer- and a management system during a response ... more

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Vietnam: National Action Plan on Combating Drug Resistance in the period from 2013 - 2020

Ministry of Health Vietnam (2013) C2

In Vietnam, most of the examination and treatment facilities are facing with of spread of bacteria resistant to many antibiotics. The level and speed of drug resistance are increasing, at alarming level. The burden of drug resistance is increasing due to the increasing cost of treatment, prolonged t... more

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Hospital nurse staffing and patient outcomes in Chile: a multilevel cross-sectional study

Aiken L., Simonetti M., Sloane D., et al. (2021) CC

Background Unrest in Chile over inequalities has underscored the need to improve public hospitals. Nursing has been overlooked as a solution to quality and access concerns, and nurse staffing is poor by international standards. Using Chile’s new diagnosis-related groups system and surveys of nurse... more

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Food Systems Dashboard

GAIN & Johns Hopkins University (2020) C2

This report uses the Food Systems Dashboard’s conceptual framework to define and describe food systems. It summarizes the components, drivers, and outcomes of food systems. The report also describes the food system typologies used in the Dashboard

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Abuja Declaration on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Other Infectious Diseases

African Union (AU) African Union (AU) (2001) CC

The Abuja declaration identifies that the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and related infectious diseases must come with additional financial resources. Therefore, African governments agreed on setting the target of allocating at least 15 per cent of each country’s annual budget ... more

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Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – June 2022
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

This position paper on polio vaccines replaces the 2016 WHO position paper, and summarizes recent developments in the field.

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World Health Organization strategy (‎2022-2026)‎ for the National Action Plan for Health Security

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

This strategy defines the World Health Organization (WHO) vision and framework for supporting Member States to accelerate the development, implementation and monitoring of their National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) from 2022 to 2026. The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) ... more

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Flood Disaster Risk Management - Hydrological Forecasts: Requirements and Best Practices (Training Module)

Vogelbacher, A. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) (2013) C1

This Case Study explores flood forecasting systems from the perspective of its position within the flood warning process. A method for classifying the different approaches taken in flood forecasting is introduced before the elements of a present-day flood forecasting system are discussed in detail. ... more

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Strategic plan towards ending TB in the WHO South-East Asia Region: 2021–2025

World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia (2021) C_WHO

The WHO End TB Strategy aims to end the global TB epidemic by 2030, in alignment with Goal 3 of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN committed to ending the TB epidemic through adoption of WHO’s End TB Strateg... more

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Neonatal health in Nepal: analysis of absolute and relative inequalities and impact of current efforts to reduce neonatal mortality

Paudel, D., Shrestha, I.B., Siebeck, M. & Rehfuess, E.A. (2013) CC

Nepal has made substantial progress in reducing under-five mortality and is on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4, but advances in neonatal health are less encouraging. The objectives of this study were to assess relative and absolute inequalities in neonatal mortality over time, and to ... more

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Guidance on developing a national deployment and vaccination plan for COVID-19 vaccines

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

This global guidance provided the framework for over 100 countries to develop their NDVPs. This updated (second) version supersedes the previous version published in 16 November 2020. New information has been added on the following areas: the COVID-19 Partners Platform; the use of COVID... more

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Guidance on global monitoring for diabetes prevention and control: Framework, indicators and application

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

The Guidance on global monitoring for diabetes prevention and control by WHO provides a comprehensive framework to support countries in tracking and managing diabetes prevention, care, and outcomes. This document outlines indicators across 4 domains: health system determinants, service delivery, ris... more

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STEPS: prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors in the Republic of Azerbaijan 2017

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe (2021) CC

Noncommunicable diseases (‎NCDs)‎ are the principal cause of morbidity, disability and premature mortality in Azerbaijan. The most effective way to reduce the NCD burden is to prevent NCD development, by addressing thebehavioural risk factors underlying NCDs at the population and individual leve... more

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Ebola virus disease (EVD) – Key questions and answers concerning health care waste

World Health Organization (2021) C_WHO

Update September 2021. Safe management of health care waste practices play an essential role in protecting human health during all disease outbreaks, including during Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks. This question and answer document provides practical, evidence-based recommendations on minimum... more

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Hunger Strike: The climate and food vulnerability index (August 2019)

Christian Aid (2019) C1

Top 10 hungriest countries contribute just 0.08% of global CO2. -Climate & Food Vulnerability Index shows 10 most food insecure countries emit less than half a tonne of CO2 per person -Burundi is the world's most food insecure and smallest per capita emitter -The average Briton gener... more

Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – June 2022 recommended

Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – June 2022
recommended