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KENYA AIDS RESPONSE PROGRESS REPORT 2016

Ministry of Health and National AIDS Control Council, Republic of Kenya (2016) C2

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Introduction to Low Cost Sanitation
recommended

Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology CAWST (2011) CC

Planning, Promotion, Contruction & Design. Manual

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Guidance for the prevention of COVID-19 infections among high-risk individuals in urban settings

Caroline Favas London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2020) C2

This document provides guidance on the implementation of the shielding approach in urban areas in LICs and crisis-affected regions. It is intended for the community itself, national and local governance institutions, and humanitarian and development actors operating in the country.

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Epidemiological review of TB disease in Sierra Leone

L. Anderson and E. Hamblion World Health Organisation (WHO) (2015) C_WHO

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2017

A. Pharris; A. Stengaard World Health Organization (Europe); European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017) C_WHO

2016 data The report was coordinated by Anastasia Pharris and Annemarie Stengaard. Report review and production support were provided by Andrew J. Amato-Gauci, Mike Catchpole, Denis Coulombier, Masoud Dara, Nedret Emiroglu, Rachel Katterl, Shahin Khasiyev, Valentina Lazdina, Teymur Noori, Marc... more

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Recovering from the Ebola Crisis

Magdy Martínez-Solimán; Abdoulaye Mar Dieye; Izumi Nakamitsu et al. United Nations, The World Bank, European Union and African Development Bank (2015)

Full Report. In response to a call by the United Nations Secretary-General and the Governments of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, an international team conducted an Ebola Recovery Assessment. The aim was to contribute towards laying the foundation for short-, medium- and long-term recovery while ... more

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War Surgery. Vol. 2

C. Giannou, M. Baldan and A. Molde International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC (2013)

Working with limited resources in armed conflict and other situations of violence. Vol.2

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Nepal HIV Investmant Plan 2014-2016

Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (2013) C1

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Background Paper on Attacks Against Girls Seeking to Access Education

United Nations Women’s Human Rights and Gender (WRG) (2015)

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UNLOCKING RWANDA’S POTENTIAL TO REAP THE DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), the African Institute for Development Policy (AFIDEP) and UNFPA (2017) C2

The Demographic Dividend study on Rwanda assessed the socio-economic and human development potential of our country in the short, medium and long-term period using a comprehensive approach. It generated relevant policy and programme information to guide a well-informed polciy required to propel Rwan... more

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Sierra Leone: National Health Sector Strategic Plan 2010 - 2015

Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation (2009) C1

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Tuberculosis - A manual for medical students

N. Ait-Khaled, D. Enarson World Health Organization; International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (1999) C_WHO

WHO/CDS/TB/99.272

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Kenya: National Disaster Response Plan

Ministry of State for Special Programmes (MSSP) and Ministry of Provincial Administration and Internal Security - National Disaster Operation Centre (NDOC), Kenya (2009) C1

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Air quality index annual update

Greenstone, M.; C. Hasenkopf and K. Lee University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute (2022) C1

During the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, the world’s economy slowed. Yet, the global annual average particulate pollution (PM2.5) was largely unchanged from 2019 levels. At the same time, growing evidence shows air pollution—even when experienced at very low levels—hurts human health. T... more

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Menstrual Hygiene Matters

House, S.; T. Mahon and S. Cavill Water Aid (2012) C2

A resource for improving menstraul hygiene around the world. Comprehensive guidance with examples of good practice, information for colleagues and pupils in class and tips on how to break the taboo