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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

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The Inter-American Convention on Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons as a tool to promote the Decade of Healthy Aging

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2023) C_WHO

This report aims to outline the current available knowledge on the health and wellbeing of older persons in the Region of the Americas during the United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021-2030). It also seeks to guide political actions towards ensuring the human rights of older persons, and desc... more

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Modelling the health impacts of disruptions to essential health services during COVID-19

UN Children's Fund UNICEF; Umited Nations Popuilation Fund UNFPA; World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

- Module 1: Understanding modelling approaches for sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health, and nutrition Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a wide range of documented effects. It directly causes death and disability for some people infected. However, disruption to... more

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Improving the health and wellbeing of children and adolescents: guidance on scheduled child and adolescent well-care visits

UN Children's Fund UNICEF; World Health Organization WHO (2024) CC

To survive and thrive, children and adolescents need good health, adequate nutrition, security, safety and a supportive clean environment, opportunities for early learning and education, responsive relationships and connectedness, and opportunities for personal autonomy and self-realization. To prom... more

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OCHA Policy Brief on Gendered Drivers, Risks and Impacts of Food Insecurity in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2023) CC

It is widely understood that the food insecurity crisis in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa is one of the world’s fastest growing and most neglected crises. It lacks sufficient global focus, resources and urgency. As in so many crises, women and girls are disproportionately affected and shoulder t...he consequences of protracted neglect, with unconscionable impacts on their safety, life chances and agency. Gaining a holistic view of the gendered drivers, risks and impacts of food insecurity in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa is difficult. This is due to a lack of data and prioritization, and the large geographical and socioeconomic terrain covered by both regions. However, what we do know about this crisis is more than enough to urgently address the needs of women and girls. An OCHA discussion paper on this topic (which will be published imminently, and from which this policy brief is drawn) found that there is: A strong risk of profound regression in gender equality gains made to date in the countries of concern, including on education, sexual and reproductive health, and the economic independence of women and girls (with knock-on effects on broader humanitarian and development outcomes). An increasing challenge to reverse what must be recognized as a protracted and growing gender-based violence (GBV) emergency in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa. The food insecurity crisis in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa is protracted, multidimensional and highly gendered, with spiralling impacts on gender equality and food security outcomes. It is driven by interwoven and overlapping factors, including climate change, political instability, conflict, socioeconomic conditions, migration and displacement and, more recently, COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine. Interlinked with these factors are gendered structural drivers of food insecurity, including deeply entrenched gender inequalities and harmful social norms. Gendered risks and impacts of food insecurity include alarming limitations on access to education, sexual and reproductive health rights, women’s agency and participation, and dramatic increases in different existing forms of GBV and the emergence of new ones. Recognition of such gendered dimensions of food insecurity and of the need for a multisectoral approach in the response is key to addressing the crisis, along-side sustained commitment and adequate allocation of resources. This policy brief draws out key findings from the OCHA discussion paper on this topic, which includes a desk review of studies, assessments and reports, and interviews with local women’s organizations on the front lines of the food insecurity crisis in communities across both regions. Below are the most pressing gendered drivers, risks and impacts of food insecurity (not in order of priority), as well as key gaps in the current humanitarian response to food insecurity, and recommendations to take forward. more

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The Malawi growth and development strategy (MGDS) III ( 2017 - 2022) - Building a productive, Competivie and Resilient Nation

Government of Malawi (2017) CC2

The third Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS III) has been formulated following the expire of its predecessor strategy, MGDS II, in June 2016. The strategy has been prepared at a time when Malawi has been experiencing multiple shocks including floods, drought and financial crises. While fo... more

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Regional training package on integrated care for health and development of newborns and children under five at home: facilitator guide

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Facilitators can be a mix of doctors, trainers of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI), nutritionists, public health officers (or otherwise according to each country’s situation) and needs of individual countries. Some countries may consider it important to include a doctor in the t... more

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Climate Smart Agriculture in Uganda

Feed the Future (2019) CC

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A Decade of Tracking Progress for Maternal, Newborn and Child Survival: The 2015 Report

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO) (2015)

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Toolkit for developting a national TB research plan

N. Gebreselassie , C. Lienhardt, L. Anderson et al. World Health Organization (2016) C_WHO

The End TB Strategie

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Poverty reducation strategy paper 2014-2016 three year investment program and its framework

Government of the Republic of Haiti (2013) C3

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WHO COUNTRY COOPERATION STRATEGY 2010–2015 NAMIBIA

World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Africa (2010) C_WHO

Second Generation, WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, 2010–2015, Namibia

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Regional Migrant Response Plan for the Horn of Africa and Yemen, 2022

International Organization for Migration IOM (2022) CC

The regional Migrant Response Plan (MRP) for the Horn of Africa and Yemen includes urgent life-saving humanitarian and protection interventions to improve safe and dignified access to basic services for migrants and host communities while ensuring medium- to long-term actions aimed at addressing the... more

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Healthcare waste

USAID (2019) C1

Sector Environmental Guidelines, Full technical Update

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Analysis of the Situation of Children and Women in Bangladesh 2015

UNICEF (2015)

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No time to retreat, First annual synthesis report on progress since the World Humanitarian Summit

David, K; Ridsdel, B; Yarlett, K et al. OCHA (2017) C1

At the World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul in May 2016, leaders made over 3,700 commitments to advance the Agenda for Humanity. In their first self-reports against these commitments, 142 stakeholders described the efforts they made from June to December 2016 to realize this ambitious vision. The ... more

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La resistencia a los antimicrobianos y el marco de cooperación de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo sostenible: orientaciones para los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países
recommended

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2021) C_WHO

Organización Mundial de la Salud, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura & Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal. (‎2021)‎. La resistencia a los antimicrobianos y el marco de cooperación de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo sostenible: orientaciones ... more

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Résistance aux antimicrobiens et plan-cadre de coopération des Nations Unies pour le développement durable : orientations pour les équipes de pays des Nations Unies

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2021) C_WHO

Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture & Organisation mondiale de la santé animale. (‎2021)‎. Résistance aux antimicrobiens et plan-cadre de coopération des Nations Unies pour le développement durable : orientations pour le... more

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Evaluation of Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM): Nepal Country Case Study

UNICEF (2012)

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National surgical, obstetric and anesthesia plan 2018-2024

Ministry of Health, Rwanda (2018) CC

La resistencia a los antimicrobianos y el marco de cooperación de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo sostenible: orientaciones para los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países recommended

La resistencia a los antimicrobianos y el marco de cooperación de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo sostenible: orientaciones para los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países
recommended