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Actions for Veterinarians

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2019) C_CDC

Veterinarians are leaders and stewards in preserving the effectiveness of antibiotics for animals and people. Working with animal owners and producers, veterinarians can slow antibiotic resistance by implementing disease prevention strategies and improving the use of antibiotics while also guarante... more

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Pathways of antibiotic use in Bangladesh: qualitative protocol for the PAUSE study

Rousham E. K., M. Aminul Islam, P. Nahar et al. (2018) C2

Global actions to reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) include optimising the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health. In countries with weak healthcare regulation, this requires a greater understanding of the drivers of antibiotic use from the perspective of providers and consume... more

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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

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The State of the World’s Antibiotics Report 2021

Siriam, A.; et al. The Center For Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP (2021) CC

A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers. Since the first State of the World’s Antibiotics report in 2015, antimicrobial resistance has leveled off in some high-income countries but continues to rise in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to antibiotic... more

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Antibiotic Manufacturing Standard

AMR Industry Alliance (2022) CC

Minimizing risk of developing antibiotic resistance and aquatic ecotoxicity in the environment resulting from the manufacturing of human antibiotic. The Standard, facilitated by BSI Standards Limited (BSI), provides clear guidance to manufacturers in the global antibiotic supply chain to ensure t... more

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Pakistan: AMR National Action Plan 2017

Ministry of National Health Services Regulations & Coordination Government of Pakistan (2017) C2

The increasing global trend of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has gradually emerged as a major public health challenge for the entire world. AMR has spread to almost all countries and regions, including Pakistan owing to the “misuse and overuse” of Antimicrobials, contributing to the increasing ... more

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Philippine Action Plan to Combat AMR: One Health Approach

Phillipine Department of Health (2019) C_WHO

Antibiotics have been useful in fighting infectious diseases in our country for decades, but because of the overuse and misuse of these agents, an increasing number of organisms are now resistant to them. The Philippines, like other Southeast Asian countries, has already been encountering the many c... more

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Clinic-based survey of acquired HIV drug residence

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

WHO’s antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinic-based acquired drug resistance survey method yields robust estimates of HIV viral suppression and acquired HIV drug resistance in adults, children and adolescents taking both dolutegravir and non-dolutegravir based regimens. Results are used to inform A... more

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Antibiotic Guidelines, 2019 (First edition) - Myanmar

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

This is the first edition of Empiric Antibiotic Guidelines, as a guidance to all medical practitioners at North Okklapa General & Teaching Hospital. Antibiotics are critical in the management of infection and can have a significant impact in reducing morbidity and mortality. Emerging antimicrobia... more

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WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals

World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

These guidelines present evidence-based recommendations and best practice statements on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, based on the WHO list of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine (WHO CIA List). These guidelines aim primarily to help preserve... more

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Superbug Story: Diary Of A Staph

The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP (2017) C2

Learn about superbugs from a superbug itself! This animated video explains how bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics and eventually turn into superbugs, that are resistant to most known antibiotics.

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Antimicrobial Stewardship: Improving Clinical Outcomes By Optimization of Antibiotic Practices (CME)

Standford School of Medicine (2020) C2

This course will offer a practical approach to prescribing antibiotic therapy and development of antimicrobial stewardship across all specialties and settings. Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed classes of drugs and it is estimated that approximately 50% of antibiotic use, in both... more

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A pocket guide to antibiotic prescribing for adults in South Africa 2015

Wasserman, S.; T. Boyles, M. Mendelson SOUTH AFRICAN ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMME (SAASP) (2015) C2

The international community sits at the tipping pointof a post-‐antibiotic era, where common bacterial infections are no longer treatable with the antibiotic armamentarium that exists. In South Africa, t... more

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Standing up for patients' health. Comic strip vol.2

Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network (2015) C1

This volume is specifically meant for health professionals. It is titled "tackling microbial resistance: a story of health professionals playing their part".

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Antimicrobial stewardship: changing risk-related behaviours in the general population

National Institut for Health and Care Excellence NICE (2017) C2

This guideline covers making people aware of how to correctly use antimicrobial medicines (including antibiotics) and the dangers associated with their overuse and misuse. It also includesmeasures to prevent and control infection that can stop people needing antimicrobials or spreadinginfection to o... more

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USA National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria 2020-2025

U.S. Government (2020) C2

The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (CARB), 2020-2025, presents coordinated, strategic actions that the United States Government will take in the next five years to improve the health and wellbeing of all Americans by changing the course of antibiotic resistance. T... more

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Guía para el Control de Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención en Salud

International Society for Infectious Diseases (2019) C2

Escrita por expertos internacionales en los campos de control de infecciones y epidemiología hospitalaria, la Guía para el Control de Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención en Saludde ISID reúne los principios e intervenciones más recientes que permitirán reducir la tasa de infección y el impact... more

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Adopt AWaRe: Handle antibiotics with care

World Health Organization WHO (2015) C_WHO

AWaRe – a new WHO tool to help countries improve antibiotic treatment, increase access and reduce resistance. We can reduce or even reverse antibiotic resistance by using antibiotics more responsibly. But how do we do that and still ensure that patients are treated effectively?WHO has developed a ... more

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Implementation manual to prevent and control the spread of carbapenem-resistant organisms at the national and health care facility level
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

This manual presents a compelling case for action on carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs) and describes the linkages between the prevention and control of CROs and the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). It describes how the eight recommendations contained within the World Health ... more

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Resource mobilisation for AMR: Getting AMR into plans and budgets of government and development partners / Nepal country report

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

Nepal has only recently started its journey on the path to an integrated response to the challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Despite this, it is notable that the Nepal Health Sector Strategy Plan (HSSP)-2 mentions growing antibiotic resistanceas a public health challenge.

Implementation manual to prevent and control the spread of carbapenem-resistant organisms at the national and health care facility level recommended

Implementation manual to prevent and control the spread of carbapenem-resistant organisms at the national and health care facility level
recommended