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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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WHO country cooperation strategy 2014-2018, Myanmar

World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office for Myanmar (2014) C_WHO

The strategic priorities of the CCS 2014–2018 are:
(1) Strengthening the health system.
(2) Enhancing the achievement of communicable disease control targets.
(3) Controlling the growth of the noncommunicable disease burden.
(4) Promoting health throughout the life course.
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Strategies to prevent diversion of opioid substitution treatment medications

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2016) C2

Perspectives on Drugs

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The Logistics Handbook - A Practical Guide for the Supply Chain Management of Health Commodities

USAID USAID (2011)

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Documento final de consenso interinstitucional: “Actualización Sobre Medidas de prevención de Infecciones de Sitio Quirurgico”

Ministerio der Salud Argentina (2015) C2

Las guías para la prevención de Infecciones del Sitio Quirúrgico (ISQ) resumen las medidas basadas en la evidencia que han demostrado disminuir su incidencia y mejorar la calidad asistencial de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía. La última revisión local fue realizada en el año 2009, en el mar... more

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Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo en el niño y el Adolescente

P. Gomes de Alvarenga; R. S. Mastrorosa, M. Conceição do Rosário IACAPAP (2018) C2

Trastornos de ansiedad Capítulo F.3 Editores: Laura Revert, Matías Irarrázaval & Andres Martin Traducción: Régis Villegas, Paula Placencia, José Ángel Alda & Paula Cox

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Philippines: National Objectives for Health 2011 - 2016

Department of Health (DOH) (2012) C1

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Market and technology landscape HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing - 4th Edition

O. Ajose; C. Pérez Casas; H. Ingold; et al. Unitaid (Innovation in Global Health); World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) C2

July 2018

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Dons de dispositifs médicaux : considérations relatives à leur demande et à leur attribution

Organisation de la Santé Mondiale (2011) C_WHO

WHO Medical Devices Donations - FRENCH Version - Les dispositifs médicaux, en particulier, sont indispensables pour la prévention, le diagnostic et le traitement des maladies et la réadaptation des patients. Ces documents s’adressent aux ingénieurs biomédicaux, administrateurs de la santé, b... more

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Emergencia del Zika en tiempos de Dengue y Chikungunya

Zoila Caridad Moros, Ferdinando Liprandi, Flor Helene Pujol Tribuna del Investigador (2016) C1

External Link

Bipolar Disorder

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2016) CC

Mental Health Information

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Schizophrenia

National Institute of Mental Health NIH (2019) C2

Accessed April 16, 2019

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National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis 2016-2020

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports (2016) C1

National Tuberculosis Programme
The National Strategic Plan (NSP) for Tuberculosis (TB) 2016-2020 builds on the past experiences for the National Tuberculosis Programme and its partners. This NSP provides a roadmap for delivering quality TB prevention and care service to the entire population, ... more

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Portable digital radiography system: technical specifications

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

The portable diagnostic imaging technology covered by this document will serve not only the pressing demands for tuberculosis screening and triage but also other diseases. Therefore, the requirements, accessories, hardware and software packages listed in the following specifications are described in... more

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Chagas Disease: Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV

Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV Clinical Info HIV (2023) CC

Epidemiology Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted to humans by infected triatomine bugs, and less commonly by transfusion, organ transplant, from mother to infant, and in rare instances, by ingestion of contaminated food or... more

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Guidelines for Clinical and Operational Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

José A. Caminero International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) (2013)

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Transmission of Zika virus through breast milk and other breastfeeding-related bodily-fluids: a systematic review

S. Colt, M.N. Garcia-Casal, J.P. Peña-Rosas, et al. World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

Bulletin of the World Health Organization; http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.176677

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Quantification des intrants de santé : supplément SRMNI - Prévision de la consommation de produits sélectionnés pour la santé reproductive, maternelle, néonatale et infantile

JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., et Management Sciences for Health JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., et Management Sciences for Health (2016) C1

Soumis à l’Agence des États-Unis pour le développement international par le programme SIAPS (Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services ou Programme des systèmes pour l’amélioration de l’accès aux produits et services pharmaceutiques). Arlington, VA : Management Sciences... more

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Putting HIV and HCV to the test - A product guide for point-of-care CD4 tests and laboratory-based and point-of-care HIV and HCV viral load tests

Medecins Sans Frontieres (Access Campaign) (2017) C2

3rd Edition – July 2017 www.msfaccess.org

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Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2: interim guidance, 11 September 2020

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/334254