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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

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Double dividends: Exploring how water, sanitation and hygiene programmes can contribute to peace- and state-building

Michelle Kooy, Leni Wild, Nat Mason et al. Tearfund (2013)

It is a pressing question for donors and NGOs alike: is funding development and humanitarian work in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCAS) the equivalent of pouring money into a bottomless pit, if achievements are only going to be undone by further cycles of violence? There is, of course, a st... more

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Introducing One Health to the ethical debate about zoonontic diseases in Southeast Asia

Capps, B.; M.M. Bailey, D. Bickford et al. Bioethics (2015) CC

Bioethics 519 (online) doi:10.1111/bioe.12145 Volume 29 Number 8 2015 pp. 488–596; Pandemic plans recommend phases of response to an emergent infectious disease (EID) outbreak, and are primarily aimed at preventing and mitigating human-to-human transmission. These plans carry presumptive weight ... more

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Ebola Virus Disease in Children, Sierra Leone, 2014–2015

Fitzgerald, F.; A. Naveed, K. Wing, et al (2016) C_CDC

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Поведенческие аспекты употребления алкоголя подростками: тенденции и социальные неравенства в Европейском регионе ВОЗ, 2002–2014 годы

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

В настоящем отчете представлены последние тенденции, выявленные по результатам исследования HBSC в отношении употребления алкоголя 15-летними подростками и поведен... more

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Global status report on violence prevention 2014

World Health Organization (2014)

The Global status report on violence prevention 2014, which reflects data from 133 countries, is the first report of its kind to assess national efforts to address interpersonal violence, namely child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner and sexual violence, and elder abuse. Jointly publis... more

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Community Case Management of Malaria in Urban Settings

Mary Amuyunzu-Nyamongo WHO, TDR (2011)

A feasibility study in five African sites

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Guía comunitaria para la salud ambiental

Conant, J.; Fadem, P. Hesperian (2011) C2

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of the adolescent HIV continuum of care in South Africa: the Cresting Wave

B. C. Zanoni; M. Archary; S. Buchan; I. T. Katz; J. E. Haberer BMJ Global Health; Pub Med (2016) C2

Zanoni BC, et al. BMJ Glob Health 2016;1:e000004. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000004

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Promoting partner and couples HIV testing using self-test kits in Kenya

H. Thirumurthy, E. Omanga, B. Obonyo et al. (2017) C1

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Technical Update on HIV incidence assays for surveillance and monitoring purposes

UNAIDS; World Health Organization (2015) C2

UNAIDS/WHO 2015 | Reference

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State of the evidence 2021 - Modifications aiming to optimize acute malnutrition management in children under five

Action Against Hunger (2020) CC

This summary assesses the current state of evidence on each approach in tabular form, providing: the definition and objectives; evidence of effectiveness; operational considerations (e.g., training, staffing, and logistics); cost considerations and evidence on cost-effectiveness; operational success... more

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Estimating mortality from COVID-19 - Scientific brief (4 August 2020)

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

For COVID-19, as for many infectious diseases, the true level of transmission is frequently underestimated because a substantial proportion of people with the infection are undetected either because they are asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms and thus typically fail to present at healthcare fac... more

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Chapter 8 - Childhood Mental and Developmental Disorders (Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders: Disease Control Priorities)

J. G. Scott; C. Mihalopoulos; H. E. Erskine; et al. Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 4). (2016) C2

Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 4). Patel V, Chisholm D, Dua T, et al., editors. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2016 Mar 14.