Helen Killaspy, Peter McPherson, Chiara Samele, Rene Keet, JM Caldas de Almeida
1
Hernández Serrano, P.
1
Hesperian Health Guides
1
High-Level Panel on Humanitarian Financing Report to the Secretary-General
1
HIV i-Base
1
HIV i-BASE/TREATMENT ACTION GROUP
1
hler, Oliver Razum, Jean-Olivier Schmidt
1
Ho T., Cusack R.P., Chaudhary N. et al.
1
Hodge, Matthew
1
Hoffmann, C.
1
Holy Father Paul VI
1
Honein MA, Christie A, Rose DA, et al.
1
Hsia Y., B. R Lee, A. Versporten, et al
1
Hugo Slim and Lorenzo Trombetta
1
Human Rights Watch HRW
1
Humans Rights Watch
1
I. Frost
1
I. Kirtadze
1
I. Oehler
1
I. Petersen
1
I. Steffens
1
IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee
1
IASC Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support
1
ICASO
1
IFRC
1
ILO
1
Ilona Kickbusch, Christian Franz, Anna Holzscheiter, Iris Hunger, Albrecht Jahn, Carsten Kö
1
ILRI
1
Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
1
Indefes - Terre des Hommes
1
Indonesian Urological Association
1
Infections & Morbidities
1
Informe de la Nutrición Mundial
1
Insfran J. D. M., Vicioso J. J. R. et al.
1
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
1
Institute for Security Studies ISS
1
Instituti Shendetit Public
1
Institutional Treatment,Human Rights and CareAssessment (ITHACA)
1
Instituto Nacional de enfermedades respiratorias
1
Instituto Nacional del Cancer and Ministerio de Salud, Argentina
1
Inter-Agency Standing Committee
1
Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings
1
International AIDS Society (IAS)
1
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
1
International Committee of the Red Cross
1
International council of Nurses
1
International Crisis Group
1
International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA)
1
International Food Policy Research Institute
1
International Fund for Agricultural Development
1
International Journal of Mental Health Systems
1
International Journal of Molecular Scienes
1
International League Against Epilepsy (UK Chapter) and Epilepsy Society
1
International Medical Corps
1
International Organization for Migration
1
International Society for infectious Diseases
1
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
1
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), World Health Organization (WHO)
1
INTERSOS
1
IOM
1
Irarrazaval M., Norambuena P. et al
1
Iris Onipede, Ellen Schmitt
1
Irish Aid
1
Irish Aid, WFP, CCAFS Coordinating Unit, Mary Robinson Foundation - Climate Justice
1
ISCTE IUL
1
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Ministry of Public Health
1
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
1
Istivto Svpreriore di Santità
1
Italian Journal of Pediatrics
1
J. A. Caminero, A. Van Deun, P. I. Fujiwara, et. al
1
J. Alonsa-Padilla, C. Britto, et al.
1
J. Ananworanich
1
J. Begovacc
1
J. Bhiman, F. Bongweni et al.
1
J. Buntine
1
J. E. Lawn
1
J. Langer and J. Slawomirski
1
J. Lindeman
1
J. Pei-Chen Chang
1
J. Wasserheit, H. Schünemann, et cl.
1
J.D. Javakhishvili
1
J.E. Suk, D. Fischer et al.
1
Jabulani G. Kheswa
1
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
1
JAMIA Open
1
Jens Martens and Karolin Seitz
1
Jiménez, P.
1
Johanniter International
1
Johansson, Emily White
1
John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1
John K. et al.
1
John Ryan Institute Center for Catholic Studies
1
Johnstone, C.
1
Journal of Movements Disorders
1
Journal of Trauma and Critical Care
1
K. Doerholt
1
K. Geffert und S. Mauder
1
K. Hagmaier
1
K. Stone
1
K. Wilson
1
K.L.Ebi
1
Kamala Achu, Kathy Al Jubah, Svein Brodtkorb, Philippe Chervin, Peter Coleridge, Mike Davies, Sunil Deepak, Kenneth Eklindh, Ann Goerdt, Cindy Greer, Karen Heinicke-Motsch, Derek Hooper, Venus B Ilagan, Natalie Jessup, Chapal Khasnabis, Diane Mulligan, Barbara Murray, Alana Officer, Francesca Ortali, Bob Ransom, Aline Robert, Sue Stubbs, Maya Thomas, Venkatesh Balakrishna et Roselyn Wabuge-Mwangi.
1
Katrin Leitmeyer
1
Kessler, R.C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., et al.
1
Khaltaev, N.
1
Khan, J.
1
Khuluza, F.
1
Klein O. et al
1
Kopittke, P.M.
1
Kraus, S.
1
Kurowski, C.
1
L. Mofenson
1
L. R. Augustemak de Lima
1
L. Sturua
1
La Grutta, S.
1
La Sociedad Argentina de Infectología S.A.D.I.
1
Laaser, U., F. Beluli
1
Lancet 2017;
1
Lancet Migration
1
Latvian Centre for Human Rights
1
Ledingham, K.
1
Lee, V.
1
Li Z., Richter L., Lu C.
1
Libby Cohen
1
Liberia Medicines and Health Products Regulatory Authority (LMHRA)
1
Liberty O. Yaneza, Ma. Consolacion Dolor-Torres, Sue Ann R. Locnen
1
Libreria Editrice Vaticana
1
Liese B
1
Lifting the Burden
1
Lloyd, Linda
1
Lode, H.
1
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
1
Lopez-Bernus, A. et al
1
Lukito, A.A., A.U. Rahajoe, L.I. Rilantono, et al.,
1
M. Belfer
1
M. Dara
1
M. Dara, C. D. Acosta, M. V. S. Vinklers Melchers, et al.
1
M. Dara, C. D. Acosta, V. Rusovich, et al.
1
M. F. Singhateh
1
M. Fritzsche
1
M. Hodaj
1
M. J. van der Werfa
1
M. Kontio
1
M. L. Baranne
1
M. Odhiambo Sewe, A.M Tompkins et al.
1
M. Outeda
1
M. Ranganathan et al.
1
M. S. Razai
1
M. Schomaker
1
M. Semrau
1
M. Snowling
1
M. V. Larico Rojas
1
M. Vitoriaa
1
M.-A. Davies
1
M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen, M. Gascon
1
M.Johnson
1
Macklin, M.
1
Mailloux, N.A. et al.
1
Makanjuola, A. et al.
1
Makingi G.
1
Marais, J.F.
1
Marchiol, A
1
Marchissio, E.
1
Maria Faurholt-Jepsen, Michael Bauer and Lars Vedel Kessing
1
Maria Isabel Egüez
1
Marianne Schulze
1
Mark W. Rosegrant | Jawoo Koo | Nicola Cenacchi
1
Marselle M., Stadler J., Korn H., et al.
1
Martinez-Alvarez M.
1
Martinez-Alvarez M. et al
1
Mary Keogh, Monika Brenes, Priska Gronenberg et al.
1
Mburu, Gitau
1
McCarthy J.
1
McGloin, J.
1
Medical Mission Institute
1
Medina-Rincón, G.
1
Mediscript Ltd
1
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy
1
Megan Best, Carlo Leget, Andrew Goodhead and Piret Paal
1
Melissa Leach
1
Médecins Sans Frontières
1
Micah et al.
1
Michael T. Osterholma, Kristine A. Moorea, Nicholas S. Kelley et al.
1
Michelle Funk, José Miguel Caldas de Almeida, Natalie Drew et al.
1
Mindheart
1
Minesterio de Salud
1
Minh D Pham
1
Ministerio da Saude, Brasilia
1
Ministerio de Salud y Deportes Bolivia
1
Ministerio de Salud Lineamientos para el diagnóstico, abordaje en el período agudo y seguimiento post COVID-19 de niños, niñas y adolescentes Programa Nacional de Salud Escolar (PROSANE) y Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría (SAP)
1
Ministerio de Salud Publica Paraguay
1
Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador
1
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social
1
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Primus Inter Pares Paraguay
1
Ministerio de Salud, Argentina
1
Ministerio de sanidad - España
1
Ministerio der Salud Argentina
1
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Directorate General for Development Cooperation (DGDC)
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation, International Centre for Eye Health, Sightsavers
1
MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE
1
Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
1
Minos Mouzourakis, Kris Pollet, Ruben Fierens
1
Misereor
1
Misereor, Brot für die Welt, Global Policy Forum GPF
1
Missio
1
Mitchell, S. et al.
1
Molina, M.
1
Moner-Girona, M.
1
Montelongo, A.
1
Morrison-Métois, Susanna
1
Moudatsou, M.
1
Mukaratirwa, S. et al.
1
Multicultural Mental Health Australia
1
Multidisciplinary Collaborative Group for the Scientific Monitoring of COVID-19 (GCMSC)
1
Multiple Sclerosis international federation
1
Murat Sahin, Emily Bamford, Lisa Bender et al.
1
Mwangi, Annabel
1
N. Chkhartishvili
1
N. Drew
1
N. Forda
1
N. H. Ponters, A. P. Dores
1
N. Solé, A. Marco, M Escribano, A. Orcau, et al.
1
National Academy of Medical Sciences
1
National Academy of Sciences of the USA
1
National Council on Disability Affairs (NCDA)
1
National Council on Disability Affairs, Philippines
1
National Department of Health South Africa
1
National Department of Health, South Africa
1
National Directorate for Economy, Equality and Gender and UNICEF
1
Nature Scientific Reports
1
NCD Alliance, IISD
1
Neil M Ferguson, Daniel Laydon, Gemma Nedjati-Gilani, Natsuko Imai, Kylie Ainslie, Marc Baguelin, Sangeeta Bhatia, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, Zulma Cucunubá, Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg, Amy Dighe, Ilaria Dorigatti, Han Fu, Katy Gaythorpe, Will Green, Arran Hamlet, Wes Hinsley, Lucy C Okell, Sabine van Elsland, Hayley Thompson, Robert Verity, Erik Volz, Haowei Wang, Yuanrong Wang, Patrick GT Walker, Caroline Walters, Peter Winskill, Charles Whittaker, Christl A Donnelly, Steven Riley, Azra C Ghani.
1
Neligan, A. & Sander, J.W.
1
Network for Research, Learning & Action
1
Neuron Review
1
Nomad RSI Cambodia
1
Norwegian Refugee Council, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
1
Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network (NEPTUNE)
1
NSW Health and University of Western Sydney
1
nternational Labour Organization
1
Nwe Ni Myint et al.
1
O. Bandmann
1
O. Chokoshvili
1
OAS
1
Observatory of the Penal System and Human Rights (University of Barcelona)
1
OCHA Services
1
OEA (Más derechos para más gente)
1
OECD Publishing
1
Ol. Kazakova, D. Krupchanka, et al.
1
OPAS
1
OpenLearn Create
1
Oranizatión Panamerica de la Salud
1
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1
Organisation mondiale de Santé
1
Organisation mondiale de la Santé
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Bureau régional de l'OMS pour l'Afrique
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud (Americas)
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud Américas
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud y Alzheimer’s Disease International
1
ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DE LA SALUD, ORGANIZACIÓN PANAMERICANA DE LA SALUD
1
Organización Panamericana de la Salud OPS
1
Organização Mundial da Saùde
1
Organizaición Mundial de la Salud
1
Ovid
1
Oxford University Press
1
P. De Castro
1
P. Pereznieto
1
P. Viiklepp, P. de Colombani, A. Kurbatowa, et al.
1
P. Zucs
1
P.M. Rodrigues de Souza, B. da Costa Thomé et al.
1
Paciaroni, M.
1
Pan American Health Organization PAHO, World Health Organization WHO
1
Paola Di Giulio, Dimiter Philipov, and Ina Jaschinski
1
Parasites and Vectors
1
Parks, Will
1
Partners in Health, World Health Organization
1
Peter N. Stearns
1
Philippine Heart Association
1
Pijnenburg, M.W.
1
Pitt C.
1
Pitt1, C.
1
Plan
1
PLoS Med
1
PLOS Medicine
1
PLoS Neglected Tropical diseases
1
PNAS
1
Poe Poe Aung
1
Polly Clayden, Simon Collins, Mike Frick, et al.
1
Pope Francis
1
Potter, A.L., Vandy, M., Smart, N. Blanchet, K.l.
1
Preussler, S.
1
Priebe, S.
1
Prince, M., and J. Jackson
1
PRONASIDA
1
Provinske P.
1
PubMed.gov
1
Pudjiastuti, P., A. Rodjani, L.K. Wahyuni, et al.,
1
R Loewenson
1
R. Baggaley et al.
1
R. Bucciardini
1
R. D. Blacutt Paniagua
1
R. D. Costa Benavides, V. C. Altamirano, A. L. Alvarado et al.
1
R. E. Dew, H.G. Koenig, et al.
1
R. Vermeiren
1
R. Walker
1
R.S. Stephenson
1
Rada Noeva, Nassim Benali, Emily Garin et al.
1
Rahman-Shepherd, A.
1
Rajan, S.
1
Rajbongshi, S.
1
Ramasamy, Selvaraju
1
Ranjita Misra
1
RAV
1
Reddel, H. K.
1
Regional Office Africa
1
Regional Office Europe
1
Regional Office for Africa, Government of Mauritius
1
Rehabilitation Council of India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
1
Reliefweb OCHA Services
1
ResearchGate
1
Respuesta a Venezolanos
1
Revista Medica Uruguay
1
Ricardo Heinzelmann, Rogerio Luz Coelho Neto et al.
1
Richardson, D., Otchere, F., Musatti, A.
1
Ridsdel, B
1
Robert-Koch-Institut RKI
1
Roca de Sangüeza, M.A.
1
Rochweg, B.
1
Rodrigues R., S. Ilinca, K. Schulmann
1
Rojas-Rueda, D.
1
Romanello M., McGushin A., et al.
1
Rosenquist Foundation (dedicated to human milk)
1
Rude, B.
1
Rupp, N.
1
Rüppel, J.
1
RüppelT.
1
S. Groth, G. Forte et al.
1
S. Ijaz
1
S. Ladhani
1
S. Nag
1
S. Taylor
1
S.Kinloch-de Loës, et al.
1
S.Taylor
1
Saarnak, C.
1
Sachs, J. D.
1
Sachs, J., Karim, S., Aknin, L. et al.
1
Safe the children
1
Sage Journals
1
SAGE Open Medicine
1
Salvage J, Rowson M, Melf K, Wilmen A
1
San Pedro Francisco
1
Santesso, N.
1
Santo Padre Francisco
1
Satomi, E.
1
Save the Children
1
Save the Children andJohn Hopkins Center for Communication Programs
1
Schijmann, A.G.
1
Schubert L.
1
Schueller, E.
1
Science Direct
1
Scientific Electronic Library Online
1
Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde − Ministério da Saúde
1
Secretaría General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos
1
Seitz, K.
1
Sen Monorom
1
Setzer Verlag
1
Shotton J.
1
Sirinivas, S.
1
Social Justice Secretariat
1
Sociedad Boliviana de Obstetricia y Ginecología
1
Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade
1
Soumitra Pathare, Руби Холл, Michelle Funk et al.
1
Sphere - Standards
1
Spudich, S.S.
1
St. Thomas University
1
Standpunkt e.V.
1
STEPS Centre, Institute of Development Studies
1
Stockholm Drug and Therapeutics Committee
1
Stroke Alliance for Europe, King's College London
1
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHASA
The Center For Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy
1
The Chatham House
1
The Collaborative Initiative for Paediatric HIV Education and Research (CIPHER) Global Cohort Collaboration
1
The European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS)
1
The European Respiratory Journal
1
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
1
the holy Father Francis
1
The Independent Panel
1
the Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Reference Group
1
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1
The Lancet Commissions
1
The Lancet Planetary Health
1
The Union
1
The Women´s Health Council
1
Tigrey Health Bureau
1
Tjaden, N.B.
1
Torres, A.
1
trellyz
1
Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance (TBCTA), USAID
1
U. Williams
1
U.S. Global Malaria Coordinator
1
UN Children's Fund
1
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
1
UN DESA
1
UN Development Programme
1
UN Development Programme UNDP
1
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1
UN High Commissioner for Refugees
1
UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR
1
UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute UNICRI
1
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Government of Madagascar, UN Country Team in Madagascar
1
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
1
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR, World Health Organization WHO
1
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS)
1
UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund)
1
UNGEI
1
UNHCR The UN Refugee Agency
1
UNICEF Kosovo in cooperation with Kosovo Health Foundation
1
UNICEF/AMREF
1
Unión Internacional Contra la Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Respiratorias
1
United Nations and Partners
1
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
1
United Nations Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs
1
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
1
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
1
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (UNESCO MGIEP)
1
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
1
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Regional Office for Central Asia)
1
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
1
United Nations University
1
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)
1
UNPFA
1
Uppsala Monitoring Centre
1
US Agency for International Development USAID
1
USAID
1
Üstün, T.B., Kostanjsek, N., Chatterji, S. & Rehm, J.
1
V. Fragola
1
Valdez Cazeneuve, R.
1
Valdoleiros, S. R.
1
van Dyk, L.
1
Van Katwyk, S. R.
1
Vassall A.
1
Velasco-Tirado, V.
1
Velazquez Berumen, A.
1
Velisha Ann Perumal-Pillay & Fatima Suleman
1
VENRO-AG Gesundheit
1
Verbeek, J.H.
1
Vitillo, B.
1
W. S. Hinojosa Gallo
1
Waage, J.
1
WACD
1
WACD West Africa Comission on Drugs
1
Wagner, U. et al.
1
Wamai, R.
1
Wardlaw, Tessa M.
1
Welburn S. C., Beange I. et al
1
Welt-Sichten
1
Werner, D. and B. Bower
1
WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO
1
WHO, International Cooperation of Midwifes
1
WHO, UN-HABITAT
1
WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division
1
Women for Global Health WGH
1
Woodhead M., F. Blasi, S. Ewig, et al.
1
World Council of Churches WCC and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (PCID)
1
World Drug Report 2017
1
World Economic Forum
1
World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH)
1
World Food Programme WFP
1
World Government Summit, Sustainable Development Solutions Network
1
World Health Organisation, unicef, World Bank Group
1
World Health Organitarion
1
World Health Organization ( WHO), Regional Office for South-East-Asia
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Kenya Country Office
1
World Health Organization (WHO), National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR)
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East-Asia
1
World Health Organization - Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization Europe
1
World Health Organization Regional
1
World Health Organization WHO, Food and Agriculture Organization FAO, World Organization for Animal Health OIE
1
World Health Organization WHO, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Africa
1
World Health Organization WHO, UNICEF
1
World Health Organization, Global Polio Eradication Initiative
1
World Health Organization, International Confederation of Midwives
1
World Health Organization, MapAction, Health Cluster
1
World Health Organization, Ministry of Health and Population Nepal
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization, TB HIV working group, Stop TB Partnership
1
World Health Organization, UNICEF
1
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Office
1
World Health Organization, Медицинская литература
1
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe
1
World Humanitarian Summit
1
World Meteorological Organization
1
Wrench, W.
1
Y. M. F. Moreno
1
Yaria, J.
1
Yarlett, K et al.
1
Z. Suarez
1
Zaidel, E.J.
1
Zellmann, H.
1
Ziaggi, G.
1
Анджела Ми, Тибо ле Пишон, Коэн Буссинк e tal.
1
Васильева Ирина Анатольевна, Самойлова Анастасия Геннадьевна, Эргешов Атаджан Эргешович et al.
1
ВОЗ и Международная организация по проблемам болезни Альцгеймера
1
Всемирная организация здравоохранения
1
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (Европа)
1
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (Европейское)
1
Г-жа M. Mansfeld
1
Г-н Z. T. Gavry
1
Д-р M. Dara
1
Департамент по ВИЧ/СПИД, Департамент «Остановить ТБ», Всемирная организация здравоохранения
1
Е.А. Катунина, Ю.Н. Бездольный
1
европейская федерация головной боли, всемирная организация здравоохранения, всемирный альянс головной боли et a.
1
Камкин Евгений Геннадьевич, Костенко Наталья Алексеевна et. al.
1
Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации
1
Н.П. Базеко, Ю.В. Алексеенко, В. А. Костюченко et al.
1
Организация Объединенных Наций, UNODC
1
Российский государственный медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова Кафедра неврологии и нейрохирургии лечебного факультета д.м.н., доцент Е.А. Катунина, к.м.н. Ю.Н. Бездольный
1
Сильвия Бразилиану, Патрисия Хохграф , Абдула Диуф et al.
1
Т.Дж. Стайнер, К. Пемелера, Р. Йенсен et al.
1
федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза российской академии медицинских наук, Американский международный союз здравоохранения
In this guideline, natural ventilation is considered among one the effective measures to control infections in health care. This guideline provides a design and operation guide for hospital planners, engineers, architects and infection control personnel. The recommendations in this guidelin...e followed a systematic review of the literature on the association of ventilation and disease transmission, as well as effective natural ventilation solutions for infection control.more
This technical guidance aims to provide guidelines to laboratories and relevant stakeholders in the European Union (EU), European Economic Area (EEA) and other countries in the WHO European region in making decisions on establishing sequencing capacities and capabilities, in making decisions on whic...h technologies to use and/or in deciding on the role of sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, research, outbreak investigations and surveillance. It addresses the most used sequencing technologies and their applications and proposes a central standardisation process to analyse and report the findings of SARS-CoV-2 genetic characterisations.more
Previous crises, such as the Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa in 2014, indicate the direct impact movement restrictions and disease containment efforts have on food availability, access, utilization and violence – particularly gender-based violence (GBV). The importance of maintaining and ...upscaling food security interventions for the most vulnerable populations, alongside the health sector’s efforts to avert disease spread, is therefore undeniable. The COVID-19 outbreak in South Sudan threatens to paralyze an already fragile food system and negatively impact more than 6.5 million people in South Sudan who remain vulnerable. At the same time, the core national capacities for prevention, preparedness and response for public health events is limited, and the healthcare system has been weakened by years of conflict, poor governance and low investments.more
The policy brief focuses on four key areas for intervention - air pollution, energy, transport and food systems. Air pollution causes 7 million deaths annually, and is a leading cause of both NCDs and climate change, thus all interventions to reduce air pollution have a positive impact on both human... and planetary health. In the energy sector, transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy is if vital importance to improving health, with mortality rates due to coal-generated electricity 1,000 times higher than for wind-generated electricity.
Promoting active transport such as walking and cycling in place of motorised transport has the dual benefit of reducing both air pollution and physical activity. Livestock production alone accounts for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions, with added emissions from food which are highly process and transported over long distances, and thus locally sourced plant based diets both prevent NCDs and promote human and planetary health.more
The present information document supplements the WHO audited financial statements for 2018. It contains information on WHO's voluntary contributions by fund and by contributor in the year 2018.
Overview.
The COVID-19 pandemic is the latest crisis facing the world, but unless humans release their grip on nature, it won’t be the last, according to a new report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), which includes a new experimental index on human progress that takes into acco...unt countries’ carbon dioxide emissions and material footprint.
The report lays out a stark choice for world leaders - take bold steps to reduce the immense pressure that is being exerted on the environment and the natural world, or humanity’s progress will stall.more
This report presents the results of the official United Nations estimates and projections of urban and rural populations for 233 countries and areas of the world and for close to 1,900 urban settlements with 300,000 inhabitants or more in 2018, as published in World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 ...Revision. The data in this revision are consistent with the total populations estimated and projected according to the medium variant of the 2017 Revision of the United Nations global population estimates and projections, published in World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision. This revision updates and supersedes previous estimates and projections published by the United Nations.more
This document provides guidance to Member States in the WHO European Region that wish to conduct behavioural insights studies related to COVID-19. Studies can be used to monitor public knowledge, risk perceptions, behaviours and trust with the overall aim to inform national COVID-19 outbreak respons...e measures, including policies, interventions and communications.more
Almost 30 countries vulnerable to a new Ebola-style Epidemic, jeopardising the future of millions of Children. The report ranks the world’s poorest countries on the state of their public health systems, finding that 28 have weaker defences in place than Liberia where, alongside Sierra Leone and Gu...inea, the current Ebola crisis has already claimed 9,000 lives, and provoked an extraordinary international response to help contain it.more
Using data from two surveys and 164 countries, this research brief describes the educational strategies countries are putting into place, or plan to, in order to mitigate learning impacts of extended school closures, particularly for the most vulnerable children. In addition, it highlights emerging ...good practices.more
This manual will contribute directly to the fourth focus area of the FAO Action Plan by promoting the prevention of infections and the prudent use of antibiotics in the pig and poultry sectors. The pig and poultry sectors are addressed together, as these sectors generally have the highest use of ant...ibiotics. This manual is jointly applicable to veterinarians, other health professionals and farmers; a key to success in using antibiotics effectively and prudently is good dialogue among these professions.more
Aviation plays an important role in humanitarian operations around the world, especially in countries where overland transport is difficult or impossible due to insecurity, damaged or inadequate infrastructure, and challenging climatic conditions. Aviation allows the transport of humanitarian aid wo...rkers and humanitarian cargo to communities in some of the world’s most inaccessible places.more
Addressing comorbidities and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) is a crucial component of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s End TB Strategy. This WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 6: tuberculosis and comorbidities aims to support countries in scaling up people-centred care, ...based on the latest WHO recommendations on TB and key comorbidities, and drawing upon additional evidence, best practices and inputs from various experts and stakeholders obtained during WHO processes. It is intended for use by people working in ministries of health, particularly TB programmes and the relevant departments or programmes responsible for comorbidities and health-related risk factors for TB such as HIV, diabetes, undernutrition, substance use, and tobacco use, as well as programmes addressing mental health and lung health.more
UN, international agencies and experts released a groundbreaking report demanding immediate, coordinated and ambitious action to avert a potentially disastrous drug-resistance crisis.
If no action is taken - warns the UN Ad hoc Interagency Coordinating Group on Antimicrobial Resistance who release...d the report – drug-resistant diseases could cause 10 million deaths each year by 2050 and damage to the economy as catastrophic as the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. By 2030, antimicrobial resistance could force up to 24 million people into extreme poverty.more
MICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCEVolume 24, Number 5, 2018ªMary Ann Liebert, Inc.DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0383
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a worldwide publichealth concern, with serious health, economic, and so-cietal repercussions. Its emergence is attributed to the se-lective pressure exerted by antib...iotic use in the community, hospitals, veterinary health, agriculture, aquaculture, and the environment. Additionally aggravating the situation is the fact that very few new antibiotics have recently been produced by pharmaceutical companies. It is widely acknowledged that food animals are key reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and that antibiotic usage in this population favors the emergence, selection, and spread of resistance among animals and humans, both through zoonoses (infectious diseases trans-mitted between animals and humans) and the food chain.more
Health is routinely considered in strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and environmental impact assessment (EIA), following requirements of European Union directives and the Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Trans...boundary Context (Espoo Convention). Policy-makers and other sources report that these assessments mostly adopt a biophysical perspective and that few cases consider or define health in a manner which is consistent with the WHO Constitution, by considering the wider social, economic, behavioural and institutional aspects of health. This systematically conducted review of over 333 SEA and EIA cases in the WHO European Region shows that while about 80% of assessments pursue a narrow, biophysical interpretation of health, around 10% consider wider determinants when defining health, and another 10% consider wider determinants of health in the actual assessment. Twelve case studies are presented, literature is reviewed and implications for practice are considered.more
The 23rd meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines was coordinated from Geneva, Switzerland, and held virtually from 21 June to 2 July 2021. The Committee considered 88 applications proposing additions, changes and deletions of medicines, medicine classes and fo...rmulations on the Model Lists of Essential Medicines. The Committee evaluated the scientific evidence for comparative effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of the medicines in question. The Committee also considered a review of the therapeutic alternatives for medicines on the Model Lists, and update to the AWaRe classification of antibiotics, and reviews and reports relevant to the selection and use of essential medicines.more