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2nd edition. The Event-based Surveillance Framework is intended to be used by authorities and agencies responsible for surveillance and response. This framework serves as an outline to guide stakeho
...
lders interested in implementing event-based surveillance (EBS) using a multisectoral, One Health approach. You can download the Training Manual and Framework in Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese
more
Flow Charts
Mass population movements have accounted for the emergence of Chagas disease (CD) outside endemic regions,
including the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The parasite responsible for causing CD,
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), can be transmitted through substances of human origin (SoH
...
O), such as blood
transfusions and organ transplantations [1], posing a risk to the recipients. This, together with congenital
transmission, is of increasing concern in non-endemic countries
more
Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure o
...
n Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at
risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have
consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health.
In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to
213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals
per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more
Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance.
more
To contribute to the availability of basic knowledge and skills for the provision of palliative care in
the African region, the African Palliative Care
...
Association (APCA) has developed a competencybased core curriculum framework for use in introductory training on palliative care. The curriculum is based on the APCA Standards for Providing Quality Palliative Care Across Africa to ensure that care providers are trained to the appropriate competence for their cadre and level of skill. This curriculum therefore aims to facilitate the development of the best basic skills and attitudes required for the delivery of palliative care services that meet the desired standards of palliative care. The curriculum incorporates theoretical, practical, mentorship and supervision components that are critical to the effective application of knowledge in practice.
more
During the reporting period, significant progress was made in strengthening the mpox response across the continent. The lessons learned and challenges identified during the joint mpox continental intra-action review (IAR), which took place successfu
...
lly in December 2024 in Addis Ababa have guided the development of the action plan for the response to the mpox epidemic in January and February 2025.
more
On 13 August 2024, the Africa Centres for Disease Control (Africa CDC) declared the multi-country mpox outbreak a public health emergency of continental security, with strong recommendations to improve surveillance and vaccine deployment in all AU M
...
ember States. On 14 August 2024, the WHO Director-General declared mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).
more
WHO guideline on balanced national controlled medicines policies to ensure medical access and safety
Access to medicines is essential for attainment of universal health coverage, which is central to achievement of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals. Controlled medicines include those such as opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, amphetamines
...
and others with identified or emergent clinical indications. WHO recognizes that these medicines are necessary for pre- and post-operative care, for sedation, for the management of both acute and chronic pain, for palliative care, as anticonvulsants (anti-epileptics), for the management of anxiety disorders and for the management of substance use disorders, including as opioid agonist therapy (OAT).
more
Data presentation is the basis for describing data and generating hypotheses for further testing. It consists of a number of methods for summarising data in order to support the identification of patterns. Data can be summarised in a number of for
...
ms, including tables or graphical representations such as graphs or maps. Effective data presentation requires an understanding of the principles introduced in this guide.
more
Essential for Excellence. Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Strategic Communication for Behaviour and Social Change
UNICEF
(2008)
with special reference to prevention and control of avian influenza
Executive Summary - Chapter 3 Pharmacological Treatment
R. Ali
ATLAS on substance use (2010)— Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder; WHO
(2019)
C_WHO
ATLAS on substance use (2010)— Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder
Accessed: 14.03.2019
Climate change, increasing population densities, and intensified globalisation in trade, travel and migration are among the most important factors shaping the 21st century. Each impacts upon populat
...
ion health and the risk of infectious disease, particularly those originating at the human-animal-environmental interface. The recognition that many risk drivers of infectious disease fall outside of the typical domain of the health sector creates the challenge of identifying and pursuing priorities for cross-sectoral action aimed at strengthening global health security. In response, the One Health concept has emerged, as have related initiatives addressing Planetary Health and Biodiversity and Human Health. From a public health perspective and operationally speaking, the One Health approach offers great potential, emphasising as it does cooperation and coordination between multiple sectors. Yet despite having been a focal point for discussion for over a decade, numerous challenges facing the implementation of One Health preparedness strategies remain. While some are technical, related to the requirement for innovative early warning systems or new vaccines, for example, others are institutional and cultural in nature, given the transdisciplinary nature of the topic. There have thus been calls to address One Health from multiple perspectives, from ecology to the social sciences. In order to further explore this issue and to identify priority areas for action for strengthening One Health preparedness in Europe, ECDC convened an expert consultation on 11–12 December 2017.
more
Did you know that they are part of Antimicrobial Resistance?
Are you clear that we can all do something to avoid them?
Marcelo Barbato, intensive care physician and Director of the ICU at Hospital
...
Maciel, the first public hospital in Uruguay with a long history in infection control, tells us.
more
This learning paper describes Malaria Consortium’s experience with Integrated Community Case Management (ICCM) in malaria prevention and treatment in Mozambique
...
and Uganda. ICCM is an approach where community-based health workers are trained to identify, treat, and refer complex cases malaria (and other diseases) in children
more
Operational guidance on rapid risk assessment methodology
Katrin Leitmeyer; Dilys Morgan, Hilary Kirkbride and Bengü Said
European Centre for Disases Prevention and Control ECDC
(2011)
ECDC Technical Document
Physical activity plays an important role in the care of people living type 2 diabetes. Regular physical
activity can help reduce some of the harmful effects and slow or even reverse disease progre
...
ssion.
Being active can also reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, and enhance thinking, learning, and
overall well-being. Conversely, too much sedentary behaviour can be unhealthy.
Everyone can benefit from increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour. However, many
people face barriers or may be concerned about becoming more active. Additional guidance and support
can help people living with type 2 diabetes be more active for their health and well-being.
more
This document addresses the issue of the medical and rehabilitative care of persons with physical disabilities. It is understood that this policy is to be integrated with the policy documents of oth
...
er advisory working groups. It should also be emphasised that the physical disability work of CBM occurs within the context of CBM’s Disability and Development Policy, with a human rights perspective and working toward full inclusion of people with disabilities within
their society.
more
This technical guidance aims to provide guidelines to laboratories and relevant stakeholders in the European Union (EU), European Economic Area (EEA) and other countries in the WHO European region i
...
n making decisions on establishing sequencing capacities and capabilities, in making decisions on which technologies to use and/or in deciding on the role of sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, research, outbreak investigations and surveillance. It addresses the most used sequencing technologies and their applications and proposes a central standardisation process to analyse and report the findings of SARS-CoV-2 genetic characterisations.
more
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis and its evolving forms (diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucosal leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis recidivans), together with the sequela of visceral leishm
...
aniasis (post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis), account for about one million cases of dermal leishmaniases per year worldwide. Although not lethal, the dermal leishmaniases cause chronic, disfiguring skin lesions which are an important cause of morbidity and stigma.
more
The aim of this paper is to map and critically analyse evidence of good practice in prevention and response to gender-based violence (GBV) in human
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itarian contexts which can support humanitarian practitioners and policy makers to improve the quality of GBV programming in the field. The paper is structured as follows. Following a brief discussion of key concepts and definitions in relation to GBV, Chapter 2 presents an overview of the extent of GBV in emergencies, and some of the challenges in responding to the problem. Chapter 3 then analyses some of the literature on the evidence of GBV programming effects in humanitarian settings, and draws out key lessons with regard to good practice. Chapter 4 discusses some of the key issues emerging from this review, and Chapter 5 concludes the paper with a discussion of the implications of the findings for research, policy and programming on GBV.
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