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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Fexinidazole for Human African Trypanosomiasis, the Fruit of a Successful Public-Private Partnership.

Bernhard, S.; Kaiser, M.; Burri, C.; Mäser, P. Diseases (2022) CC

After 100 years of chemotherapy with impractical and toxic drugs, an oral cure for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is available: Fexinidazole. In this case, we review the history of drug discovery for HAT with special emphasis on the discovery, pre-clinical development, and operational challenge... more

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Guidance to facilitate monitoring and evaluation for antimicrobial resistance national action plans

Quadripartite: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO; UN Environment Programme UNEP; World Health Organization WHO; World Organisation for Animal Health WAHO (2023) CC

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global human, animal, plant and environment health threat that needs to be addressed by every country. The impacts of AMR are wide-ranging in terms of human health, animal health, food security and safety, environmental effects on ecosystems and biodiversity, and ...socioeconomic development. Just like the climate crisis, AMR poses a significant threat to the delivery of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The response to the AMR crisis has been spearheaded through the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance (GAP-AMR), developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015, in close collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), and formally endorsed by the three organizations’ governing bodies and by the Political Declaration of the high-level meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on AMR in 2016. In 2022, the three organizations officially became the Quadripartite by welcoming the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) into the alliance “to accelerate coordination strategy on human, animal and ecosystem health”. The aim of the GAP-AMR is to ensure the continuity of successful treatment with effective and safe medicines. Its strategic objectives include: • improving the awareness and understanding of AMR; • strengthening the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research; • reducing the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures; optimizing the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health; and • developing the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries and increasing investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions. With the adoption of the GAP-AMR, countries agreed to develop national action plans (NAPs) aligned with the GAP-AMR to mainstream AMR interventions nationally. Individually, the Quadripartite took action to advance AMR interventions in their respective sectors. FAO adopted a resolution on AMR recognizing that it poses an increasingly serious threat to public health and sustainable food production, and developed an AMR action plan to support the resolution’s implementation. For its part, WOAH developed a strategy on AMR aligned with the GAP-AMR, acknowledging the importance of a One Health approach to AMR. Similarly, more recently, UNEP’s governing body, the United Nations Environment Assembly, recognized that AMR is a current and increasing threat and a challenge to global health, food security and the sustainable development of all countries, and welcomed the GAP-AMR and the NAPs developed in accordance with its five overarching strategic objectives more

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Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

The World Health Organization was requested by Member States to develop a global priority pathogens list (global PPL) of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to help in prioritizing the research and development (R&D) of new and effective antibiotic treatments. To date, the selection of pathogens for R&D ac... more

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Nepal: Health Facility Survey 2015. Final Report
recommended

Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Health, Nepal New ERA; NHSSP; ICF (2017) C1

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Nepal health facility survey. Nepali Version
recommended

Ministry of Health, Nepal; New ERA, Nepal; Nepal Health Sector Support Program (NHSSP); and ICF. (2017) C1

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COVID-19 for professionals
recommended

Wood, D.; A. Dramowski and R. Turner (2021) C1

This module is updated as new research and best practice becomes available. We recommend checking back regularly. Major changes will be listed

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Pneumonia kit 2020

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

For 100 cases among which 60 cases of children ≥ 5 years old and 40 cases of children < 5 years old and adults. The new Pneumonia kit 2020 is specially designed to provide sufficient child-size antibiotics to treat pneumonia, targeting children under 5 years of age. It aims to provide life-savi... more

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How to protect yourself against COVID-19

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a new coronavirus introduced to humans for the first time. It is spread from person to person mainly through the droplets produced when an infected person speaks, coughs or sneezes. Watch this short animation to learn more about COVID-19 and how to protect... more

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Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats Module 1: Planning for respiratory pathogen pandemics

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Through technical consultations with countries and partners, WHO has led the development of Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats Module 1: Planning for respiratory pathogen pandemics. Version 1.0. The Module, currently available as an advanced draft, builds on previous pandemic lessons a... more

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TEACH CLEAN

Soapbox Collaborative (2019) CC

Soapbox Collaborative has launched a new training package called TEACH CLEAN, which is a package for those that clean health care facilities in low- and middle-income countries. The TEACH CLEAN package presents information and materials required to deliver comprehensive, participatory training on s... more

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NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR COMPREHENSIVE CARE OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV IN RWANDA

Ministry of Health, Rwanda (2011) C2

This guide presents new knowledge and guidelines on the provision of care to persons living with HIV/AIDS, in accordance with the last guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) published in 2006 and adapted to the Rwandan national context. It thus responds to the need by the Ministry of Heal... more

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Retrofit Measures for COVID-19

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2020) C_WHO

16 June 2020 PAHO’s Smart Hospitals Project started in 2009 and has been implemented across nine countries in the Caribbean Region. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new lessons to be incorporated as part of Smart Retrofits. This document is intended to describe simple natural and... more

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WHO mass gathering COVID-19 risk assessment tool: generic events, version 3

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

The content of the tool has been updated to reflect new WHO technical guidance and new evidence on both COVID-19 pandemic and mass gatherings, as well as feedback from end-users. This revision of the risk assessment tool was developed and reviewed by the WHO Mass Gathering Technical Expert Group wit... more

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Initial care of persons with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in the context of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in healthcare facilities: assess the risk, isolate, refer. Interim recommendations

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2020) CC

To provide recommendations on the initial care of persons with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in the context of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in healthcare facilities based on a decision-making process flowchart. These recommendations are preliminary and subject to review as new evidence becomes a... more

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Emerging respiratory viruses, including nCoV: methods for detection, prevention, response and control
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). A novel coronavirus (CoV) was identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China. This is a ... more

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Prevention and control of microbiological hazards in fresh fruits and vegetables: part 4: specific commodities: meeting report

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

In 2019, following a request from the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH), the Codex Alimentarius Committee (CAC) approved new work at its 42nd Session on the development of guidelines for the control of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in leafy vegetables and in sprouts. The obje... more

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Coronavirus (COVID-19) (Arabic)

NHS Inform Scottland (2021) CC

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is the illness caused by a new strain of coronavirus first identified in Wuhan city, China. It can cause a cough and/or a fever/high temperature. These are Arabic versions of the latest coronavirus (COVID-19) guidance.

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Prevention and control of microbiological hazards in fresh fruits and vegetables: part 4: specific commodities: meeting report

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

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The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic

Sachs, J., Karim, S., Aknin, L. et al. The Lancet Commissions (2022) CC

This Commission report aims to contribute to a new era of multilateral cooperation based on strong UN institutions to reduce the dangers of COVID-19, forestall the next pandemic, and enable the world to achieve the agreed goals of sustainable development, human rights, and peace that governments are... more

Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics recommended

Nepal: Health Facility Survey 2015. Final Report recommended

Nepal health facility survey. Nepali Version recommended

COVID-19 for professionals recommended

Emerging respiratory viruses, including nCoV: methods for detection, prevention, response and control recommended

Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics
recommended

Nepal: Health Facility Survey 2015. Final Report
recommended

Nepal health facility survey. Nepali Version
recommended

COVID-19 for professionals
recommended

Emerging respiratory viruses, including nCoV: methods for detection, prevention, response and control
recommended