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WHO Sierra Leone Country Cooperation Strategy 2022–2025

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

The Country Cooperation Strategy is the World Health Organization’s corporate framework developed in response to a country’s needs and priorities. The 2022–2025 CCS is the fourth for WHO in Sierra Leone. It is a medium-term strategic document that defines a broad framework for WHO’s work, at... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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2020 Heart Failure Society of South Africa perspective on the 2016 European Society of Cardiology Chronic Heart Failure Guidelines

Hitzeroth, J.; Mpe, M.; Klug, E. et al. The South African Medical Journal (2020) CC

Heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a condition frequently encountered by healthcare professionals and, in order to achieve the best outcomes for patients, needs to be managed optimally. This guideline document is based on the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the t... more

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Bangladesh Global AIDS Response Progress Report, 2015

National AIDSSTD Program, Directorate General of Health Services; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of Bangladesh (2015) C_WHO

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South African National Guidelines for Medical Male Circumcision

National Department of Health (Republic of South Africa) National Department of Health (Republic of South Africa) (2020) C2

Accessed: 03.03.2020

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FY 2015 Tanzania Country Operational Plan

PEPFAR (2016) C1

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Expanding Access to Point-of-Care Early Infant Diagnosis: Implementation Approaches and Testing Strategies

American Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM); Clinton Health Access Initiative; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric Health Foundation; et al. American Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM); Clinton Health Access Initiative; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric Health Foundation; et al. (2018) C2

October 2018

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Ethiopia Country/Regional Operational Plan (COP/ROP) 2017. Strategic Direction Summary

PEPFAR (2017) C1

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Global AIDS Monitoring 2021 — Regional indicators to measure progress towards zero discrimination — Additional guidance for Latin American and Caribbean countries

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

All countries in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region are expected to report on these indicators for the year 2020.

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Monitoring the AIDS and TB Response

Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) (2020) C2

Accessed: 10.03.2020 Treatment Action Campaign (TAC): Working for Access to quality Public Healthcare in South Africa since 1998

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Trainer’s Guide - Section 2: Preparation

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) C_WHO

Accessed: 08.03.2020 Thorough preparation is essential to the success of your workshop. This section describes the activities that you must carry out in advance of the workshop to assure that the workshop achieves expected outcomes. Information on the basics of training (Section 3) should also be... more

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WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards AIDS

World Health Organization (2000)

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Global AIDS Monitoring 2021 — Indicators for monitoring the 2016 Political Declaration on Ending AIDS

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

This guideline document lays out the indicators for monitoring the 2016 Political Declaration on ending AIDS. The Global AIDS Monitoring (GAM) process has been often referenced as a benchmark for successful international accountability mechanisms.