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Beat the heat: Child health amid heatwaves in Europe and Central Asia

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2024) CC

Beat the heat: child health amid heatwaves in Europe and Central Asia finds that half of these children died from heat-related illnesses in their first year of life. Most children died during the summer months. "Around half of children across Europe and Central Asia – or 92 million children –... are already exposed to frequent heatwaves in a region where temperatures are rising at the fastest rate globally. The increasingly high temperatures can have serious health complications for children, especially the youngest children, even in a short space of time. Without care, these complications can be life-threatening,” said Regina De Dominicis UNICEF Regional Director for Europe and Central Asia. Heat exposure has acute effects on children, even before they are born, and can result in pre-term births, low birth weight, stillbirth, and congenital anomalies. Heat stress is a direct cause of infant mortality, can affect infant growth and cause a range of paediatric diseases. The report also notes that extreme heat caused the loss of more than 32,000 years of healthy life among children and teenagers in the region. As the temperatures continue to rise, UNICEF urges governments across Europe and Central Asia to: - Integrate strategies to reduce the impact of heatwaves including through National Determined Contributions (NDC), National Adaptation Plans (NAP), and disaster risk reduction and disaster management policies with children at the centre of these plans Invest in heat health action plans and primary health care to more adequately support heat-related illness among children - Invest in early warning systems, including heat alert systems - Adapt education facilities to reduce the temperatures in the areas children play in and equip teachers with skills to respond to heat stress - Adapt urban design and infrastructure including ensuring buildings, particularly those housing the most vulnerable communities are equipped to minimize heat exposure - Secure the provision of safe water, particularly in countries with deteriorating water quality and availability. UNICEF works with governments, partners and communities across the region to build resilience against heatwaves. This includes equipping teachers, community health workers and families with the skills and knowledge to respond to heat stress. more

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Field Guide for Preparedness and Response to Diphtheria Outbreaks in the Western Pacific Region

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO

Due to high routine vaccination coverage, overall counts of diphtheria case have significantly declined in the Western Pacific Region recently. However, diphtheria is still prevalent in several countries and areas of the Region and remains a public health issue due to its high case fatality rate. ... more

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Management of physical health conditions in adults with severe mental disorders
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

The global burden of disease due to mental disorders continues to rise, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). In addition to causing a large proportion of morbidity, mental disorders – especially severe mental disorders (SMD) – are linked with poorer health outcomes and increase... more

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Cardiovascular diseases in Africa in the twenty-first century: Gaps and priorities going forward

Minja, N.W.; Nakagaayi, D.; Aliku, T. et al. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine (2022) CC

In 2015, the United Nations set important targets to reduce premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths by 33% by 2030. Africa disproportionately bears the brunt of CVD burden and has one of the highest risks of dying from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. There is currently an epide...miological transition on the continent, where NCDs is projected to outpace communicable diseases within the current decade. Unchecked increases in CVD risk factors have contributed to the growing burden of three major CVDs—hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and atherosclerotic diseasesleading to devastating rates of stroke and heart failure. The highest age standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to hypertensive heart disease (HHD) were recorded in Africa. The contributory causes of heart failure are changing—whilst HHD and cardiomyopathies still dominate, ischemic heart disease is rapidly becoming a significant contributor, whilst rheumatic heart disease (RHD) has shown a gradual decline. In a continent where health systems are traditionally geared toward addressing communicable diseases, several gaps exist to adequately meet the growing demand imposed by CVDs. Among these, high-quality research to inform interventions, underfunded health systems with high out-of-pocket costs, limited accessibility and affordability of essential medicines, CVD preventive services, and skill shortages. Overall, the African continent progress toward a third reduction in premature mortality come 2030 is lagging behind. More can be done in the arena of effective policy implementation for risk factor reduction and CVD prevention, increasing health financing and focusing on strengthening primary health care services for prevention and treatment of CVDs, whilst ensuring availability and affordability of quality medicines. Further, investing in systematic country data collection and research outputs will improve the accuracy of the burden of disease data and inform policy adoption on interventions. This review summarizes the current CVD burden, important gaps in cardiovascular medicine in Africa, and further highlights priority areas where efforts could be intensified in the next decade with potential to improve the current rate of progress toward achieving a 33% reduction in CVD mortality. more

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Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases

Schraufnagel, D.E.; Balmes, J.R.; Cowl, C.T. et al. American College of Chest Physicians (2019) CC

Although air pollution is well known to be harmful to the lung and airways, it can also damage most other organ systems of the body. It is estimated that about 500,000 lung cancer deaths and 1.6 million COPD deaths can be attributed to air pollution, but air pollution may also account for 19% of all... more

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Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World

Institute of Medicine (2010) CC

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is often thought to be a problem of wealthy, industrialized nations. The term “cardiovascular disease” is used throughout the report to refer to cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral vascular disease. The report’s main focus is ... more

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Neonatal health in Nepal: analysis of absolute and relative inequalities and impact of current efforts to reduce neonatal mortality

Paudel, D., Shrestha, I.B., Siebeck, M. & Rehfuess, E.A. (2013) CC

Nepal has made substantial progress in reducing under-five mortality and is on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4, but advances in neonatal health are less encouraging. The objectives of this study were to assess relative and absolute inequalities in neonatal mortality over time, and to ... more

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Alcohol and drug use disorders death rate, 2019

Our World in Data (2019) CC

Estimated annual number of deaths from alcohol and drug use disorders per 100,000 people. These include only direct deaths from thesedisorders, meaning they do not include suicide deaths which can in some cases be connected or attributed to them.

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The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census: Thematic Report on Mortality

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2016) C1

Census Report Volume 4-B
In the 2014 Census, early-age mortality was measured from the responses to two simple retrospective questions on childbearing addressed to ever-married women aged 15 and over. These questions referred to how many live children they had ever given birth to, and how many ... more

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Saving Mothers, Giving Life. Maternal Mortality Endline Census in Selected Districts

Central Statistical Office (CSO) Zambia, Ministry of Health (MOH) Zambia, and ICF, et al. (2017) C1

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Global Health Observatory (GHO) data

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

Mortality and global health estimates. Accessed August 6, 2019

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SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Rural and Urban Household Cohort during First and Second Waves of Infections, South Africa, July 2020–March 2021

Kleynhans, J.; et al. (2021) C_CDC

EID Journal , Volume 27, no.12 , Dec. 2021. Early Release Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections may be underestimated because of limited access to testing. We measured SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in South Africa every 2 months during July 2020–March 2021 in randoml... more

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Regional implementation framework for elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem: 2021–2030
recommended

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

Cervical cancer continues to be a significant public health problem and a major cause of premature mortality among women, disproportionately affecting the socioeconomically disadvantaged population in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In the absence of implementing the known evidence-based, ... more

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Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports The DHS Program (2017) C1

The 2015-16 MDHS is a national sample survey that provides up-to-date information on fertility levels; marriage; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; child feeding practices; nutrition; adult and childhood mortality; awareness and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS; women�... more

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Can we prevent cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries?

Lenfant, C. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2001) C_WHO

The article "Can we prevent cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries?" by Claude Lenfant discusses the growing threat of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing countries. It highlights that while CVD is already the leading cause of death globally, low- and middle-income coun... more

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Lesotho: NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) C_WHO

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Myanmar: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles

World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) C_WHO

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Neonatal resuscitation – Understanding challenges & identifying a strategy for implementation in Nepal

Ashish, K.C. Uppsala Universitet (2016) C2

Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine | The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors for stillbirth and neonatal death and change in perinatal outcomes after the introduction of helping Babies Breathe Quality Improvement Cycle in Nepal.

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Zimbabwe - Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles

World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) C_WHO

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Swaziland - Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles

World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) C_WHO

Management of physical health conditions in adults with severe mental disorders recommended

Regional implementation framework for elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem: 2021–2030 recommended

Management of physical health conditions in adults with severe mental disorders
recommended

Regional implementation framework for elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem: 2021–2030
recommended