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Screening for cardiovascular disease risk and subsequent management in low and middle income countries: challenges and opportunities

Bovet, P.; Chiolero, A.; Paccaud, F. et al. Public Health Reviews (2015) CC

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly heart attack and stroke, is the leading cause of premature mortality in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD is an important strategy to prevent and control CVD, in addition to multisector ... al population-based interventions to reduce CVD risk factors in the entire population. Methods: We describe key public health considerations in identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD in LMICs. Results: A main objective of any strategy to identify individuals at high CVD risk is to maximize the number of CVD events averted while minimizing the numbers of individuals needing treatment. Scores estimating the total risk of CVD (e.g. ten-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD) are available for LMICs, and are based on the main CVD risk factors (history of CVD, age, sex, tobacco use, blood pressure, blood cholesterol and diabetes status). Opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors enables identification of persons with high CVD risk, but this strategy can be widely applied in low resource settings only if cost effective interventions are used (e.g. the WHO Package of Essential NCD interventions for primary health care in low resource settings package) and if treatment (generally for years) can be sustained, including continued availability ofaffordable medications and funding mechanisms that allow people to purchase medications without impoverishing them (e.g. universal access to health care). Thisalso emphasises the need to re-orient health systems in LMICs towards chronic diseases management. Conclusion: The large burden of CVD in LMICs and the fact that persons with high CVD can be identified and managed along cost-effective interventions mean that health systems need to be structured in a way that encourages patient registration, opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors, efficient procedures for the management of chronic conditions (e.g. task sharing) and provision of affordable treatment for those with high CVD risk. The focus needs to be in primary care because that is where most of the population can access health care and because CVD programmes can be run effectively at this level. more

On Being In Charge

McMahon, R.; E. Barton and M. Piot World Health Organization WHO (1992) C_WHO

A guide to management in Primary Health Care. A practical, instructive training guide that has proven its capacity to improve the managerial skills ... more

Minimum Standards for Primary Health Care in Nigeria
recommended

Federal Government of Nigeria; National Primary Health Care Development Agency (2015) CC

Manajemen Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer

McMahon, R.; E. Barton and M. Piot World Health Organization WHO (1992) C_WHO

A guide to management in Primary Health Care. A practical, instructive training guide that has proven its capacity to improve the managerial skills ... more

South-East Asia regional strategy for primary health care: 2022-2030

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

This South-East Asia Regional Strategy for Primary Health Care: 2022-2030 aims to accelerate progress in all countries of the Region towards univer ... more

Measures to strengthen primary health-care systems in low- and middle-income countries

Etienne V Langlois, Andrew Mc Kenzie, Helen Schneider & Jeffrey W Mecaskey World Health Organization (2020) C_WHO

Primary health care offers a cost–effective route to achieving universal health cov ... more

Primary Health Care Revitalization in Nepal

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010) C_WHO

Workshop on PHC Revitalisation in Nepal, April 5-6, 2010

Primary Health Care Supervision Manual: A Guide to Primary Health Care Facility Supervision

Dept. of Health, Republic of South Africa USAID; et al. (2009) C1

A guide to Primary Health Care Facility Supervision

Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control Situation in a Primary Health Care Setting of Bangladesh: Design and Baseline Findings of an Intervention

Zaman MM; Ullah AKMJ ; Bhuiyan MR , et al. (2016) CC

Chronic Dis Int - Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2016 ISSN 2379-7983

Primary health care list

Directorate General of Drug Administration,, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, People's Republic of Bangladesh (1993) C1

Why palliative care is an essential funtion of primary health care

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

Strengthening primary health care to tackle racial discrimination, promote intercultural services and reduce health inequities

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

As countries aim to progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and achieving universal health coverage, health inequities driven by racial discrimination and intersecting factors rema ... more

Primary Health Care on the Road to Universal Health Coverage. Excecutive Summary

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

Countries must invest at least 1% more of GDP on primary health care to eliminate glaring coverage gaps At current rates of progress up to 5 billi ... more

Pocket book of primary health care for children and adolescents: guidelines for health promotion, disease prevention and management from the newborn period to adolescence
recommended

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe (2022) C_WHO

It summarizes guidance on how to manage – and when to refer – children and adolescents presenting with common complaints and conditions. It includes information to enable primary health ... more

Linking Private Primary Health Care Networks to Sustainable Domestic Financing: A Practical Guide for Network Managers

Hariharan, N., Ishtiaq, A., Eldridge, C., et al. Results for Development (R4D) (2018) C1

The guide helps network managers and technical experts navigate the steps necessary for gathering, structuring, analyzing and reporting information needed to make strategic plans that improve sustainability and equity.

Infection Control Assessment Tool for Primary Health Care Facilities

SIAPS USAID (2013) C1

Nosocomial or health-facility-acquired infections are a serious issue, representing one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in healthcare systems and consuming many scarce resources, especially in developing countries. Although ... more

Management of Solid Health-Care Waste at Primary Health-Care Centres

Richard Carr, Yves Chartier, Windy Gancayco Prohom et al. WHO (2005) CC

National Guideline for Filing, Archiving and Disposal of Patient Records in Primary Health Care Facilities

National Department of Health, South Africa (2017) C1

The purpose of this guideline is to explain to healthcare professionals and administrative employees what their records management obligations are in terms of the National Archives and Records Service of South Africa

Integrating Primary Care And Public Health

Bernd Rechel Eurohealth (2020) CC

There are many calls for improved integration between primary care and public health, but also sizeable obstacles to achieving this, such as diff ... more

Clinical decisions and stigmatizing attitudes towards mental health problems in primary care physicians from Latin American countries

A. O. Rojas Vistorte , W. Ribeiro, C. Ziebold, et al. (2018) CC

The aim of this paper is to investigate how doctors working in primary health care in Latin American address patients with common mental disorders ... more