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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Social and Behavior Change Communication for Emergency Preparedness Implementation Kit. Worksheets

USAID; Health Communication Capacity Collaborative The John Hopkins University (2017) C1

This I-Kit provides essential information and tools for responding to an outbreak using an SBCC approach. It presents a series of nine units, each accompanied by exercise worksheets to help link the SBCC theory to practice. The worksheets in each section are typically followed by a completed exam... more

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Social and Behavior Change Communication for Emergency Preparedness Implementation Kit

Amrita Gill-Bailey, Kathryn Bertram, Uttara Bharath et al. Johns Hopkins University and US Agency for International Development (USAID) (2017) C1

Each unit builds on the one prior, and they all combine to provide key information for developing an SBCC strategy. It is not essential, however, to work through the I-Kit from start to finish. Users can choose to focus on specific aspects for which they need support in their emergency communication... more

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Operational Guidelines for Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Mainstreaming in the Health Sector

Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population ( MoHP) (2013)

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Partnerships, Advocacy and Communication for Social Change. Webinar 7. Companion Technical Booklet

Cable, C. UNICEF (2014)

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Risk Communication and Community Engagement Preparedness and Readiness Framework: Ebola Response in the Democratic Republic of Congo in North Kivu

World Health Organization WHO; UNICEF; IFRC, et al. (2018) CC

Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) is an essential part of any disease outbreak response. Risk communication in the context of an Ebola outbreak refers to real time exchange of information, opinion and advice between frontline responders and people who are faced with the threat of Eb... more

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Multilateral organizations and global health initiatives

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2009) CC

A variety of international organizations are involved in mobilizing resources from both public and private sources and using them to extend development assistance to low-and middle-income countries around the world. They provide country-focused financial and technical assistance to developing count... more

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Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) for Zika virus response Module 2

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

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Il faut qu’on parle

Translators without Borders (2019) CC

La communication efficace sur les risques liés au virus Ebola nécessite à la fois du respect et de la transparence et demeure plus vitale que jamais.

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Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) for Zika virus response Module 3

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

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Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) for Zika virus response Module 1

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

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India: NATIONAL GUIDELINE FOR PARTNERSHIP

Government of India, Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2014) C1

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Nepal: National Safe Abortion Policy

Ministry of Health, Department of Health Services, Family Health Division (2003) C1

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Technical and Operational Guidelines (TOG) for TB Control in India 2016 - Chapter 11-17

Government of India, Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2016) C1

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Rotafolio del Módulo sobre el Cólera de CORE Group

CoreGroup USAID; Tops Small Grant; Hesperian, et al. (2017) C1

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Social and Behaviour Change Communication Strategy for Prevention of Re-establishment of Malaria Transmission in Timor-Leste

Ministry of Health Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste; World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

The Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) Strategy for the Prevention of the Re-establishment of Malaria Transmission in Timor-Leste forms part of the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for 2021–2025. The strategy aims to support Timor-Leste's efforts to sustain malaria elimination by promot... more

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Social and Behavior Change Communication SBCC for Malaria in Pregnancy: Strategy Development Guidance

Health Communication Capacity Collaborative HC3; USAID (2017) CC

This Implementation Kit (I-Kit), developed by the Health Communication Capacity Collaborative (HC3), which is funded by USAID and based at the Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, offers structured guidance for improving social and behavioural change communication (SBCC) strategies relat... more

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Promoting Quality Malaria Medicines through Social and Behavior Change Communication: An Implementation Kit

Health Communication Capacity Collaborative HC3; USAID (2016) C1

This Implementation Kit (I-Kit), developed by the Health Communication Capacity Collaborative (HC3), helps national and local stakeholders to design country-specific social and behavioural change communication (SBCC) campaigns that address the threat posed by substandard, spurious, falsified and fal... more

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The Strategic Framework for Malaria Social and Behaviour Change Communication 2018-2030

The RBM Partnership to End Malaria (2018) C1

Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) is essential for the effective control, prevention and elimination of malaria. The 2018–2030 Strategic Framework for Malaria SBCC guides countries and partners in strengthening capacities, refining strategies and sharing best practices, all of which... more

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The principles of catholic social teaching

Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace (2020) C2

With human dignity at its centre, a holistic approach to development founded on the principles of CST is what Pope Paul VI called ‘authentic development’. Explore the Catholic Social Teaching principles and how they guide the work of DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE. accessed July 2020