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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Tuberculosis in the WHO African Region: 2023 progress update - September 2023

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

This brief update on tuberculosis (TB) in the African region covers the state of TB in the WHO African region, strategic priorities and targets and the impact of COVID-19 on essential services. This is followed by key figures for the region, the role of WHO in country support and, recognizing the im... more

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Preventing HIV misdiagnosis: implementation guide

World Health Organization WHO (2024) CC

HIV testing programmes need to ensure that all clients who test for HIV are provided with correct diagnoses. The accuracy of HIV testing is critical to prevent misdiagnosis, as the consequences of giving an incorrect test result can be serious for clients, HIV testing services, HIV programmes and pu... more

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Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 - first update

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2021) CC

This technical guidance aims to provide guidelines to laboratories and relevant stakeholders in the European Union (EU), European Economic Area (EEA) and other countries in the WHO European region in making decisions on establishing sequencing capacities and capabilities, in making decisions on whic... more

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Continuity of essential health services: Facility assessment tool
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Interim guidance. 12 May 2021. The Continuity of essential health services: Facility Assessment Tool can be used by countries to rapidly assess the capacity of health facilities to maintain the provision of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. It can help to alert the authorities ... more

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Clinical care for severe acute respiratory infection: toolkit: COVID-19 adaptation
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

First published in 2020, this toolkit is intended for clinicians working in acute care, managing adult and paediatric patients with acute respiratory infection, including severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock. The main objective is to provide key tools for us... more

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Identifying common opportunistic infections among people with advanced HIV disease

World Health Organization WHO (2024) CC

Advanced HIV disease (defined in persons living with HIV with a CD4 cell count of <200cells/mm3 or presenting with a WHO Stage 3/4 AIDS-defining illness) poses a challenge to many countries globally and is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity among people living with HIV. In 2017, WHO... more

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Guidance for country validation of viral hepatitis elimination and path to elimination

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO

Building on the 2021 Interim guidance, this second version and update, incorporates the lessons and feedback from the hepatitis pilots that successfully demonstrated the feasibility of measuring hepatitis B and C impact targets to demonstrate elimination, whilst highlighting challenges caused by hig... more

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Health financing for the COVID-19 response: Process guide for national budgetary dialogue. ACT-A Health Systems Connector

World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, Global Financing Facility (GFF) et al. World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) CC

Annual and medium-term budget preparation processes are the platforms through which specific plans are transformed into actual resource allocation decisions. The aim of this Process Guide is to support key stakeholders involved in these processes (such as the Cabinet, Ministries of Finance and Healt... more

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Namibian Antimicrobial Resistance National Action Plan

Pharmaceutical Services, Directorate Tertiary Health Care and Clinical Support Services Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibia (2017) CC2

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is occurring everywhere in the world, compromising the ability to treat infectious diseases, as well as undermining many other advances in health and medicine. Underlying factors that drive AMR include; weak or absent surveillance and monitoring systems, inadequate sys... more

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Guidelines - European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS)

European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) (2020) C2

Version 10.1_5 October 2020 These Guidelines are available in different formats: As a paper booklet, a PDF, a mobile app, and now also as a website. The 2019 version of the Guidelines introduces a new drug-drug interaction panel and now consists of six main sections, including a general overview ... more

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Utilisation de l’imagerie thoracique en cas de COVID-19
recommended

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS (2020) C_WHO

Guide de recommandations rapides 11 juin 2020 Depuis son identification en Chine en décembre 2019, le nouveau coronavirus responsable de la COVID‐19 s’est rapidement propagé pour causer une pandémie. Cette maladie se manifeste par des symptômes respiratoires non spécifiques de gravité var... more

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Strengthening the Health Systems Response to COVID-19 - Technical guidance #3

World Health Organization (Europe) (2020) C_WHO

Supply of essential medicines and health technologies (6 April 2020) This paper is one of a set of technical guidance papers developed by the WHO Regional Office for Europe to provide practical information and resources for decision-makers on measures to strengthen the health system response to C... more

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Pacote de formação sobre o Xpert MTB/RIF

USAID; WHO; FIND; et al. global laboratory initiative (2017) C_WHO

The modules (1-12) are based on materials originally developed by FIND, KNCV and Cepheid, and are in PowerPoint format for country customization. Depending on the audience, modules may be selected and adapted according to need (e.g. basic users, supervisors, clinicians). Topics covered include: Over... more

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Training Package on XPERT MTB/RIF (Russian edition)

USAID; WHO; FIND; et al. global laboratory initiative (2017) C_WHO

Комплект учебных материалов по Xpert MTB/RIF The modules (1-12) are based on materials originally developed by FIND, KNCV and Cepheid, and are in PowerPoint format for country customization. Depending on the audience, modules may be selected and adapted according to nee... more

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Fourth annual meeting of the network of Buruli ulcer PCR laboratories in the WHO African Region: Mundi complex, Yaoundé, 24-26 October 2022

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

n October 2019, WHO convened the first meeting of the Buruli ulcer laboratory network (BU-LABNET) in Yaoundé, Cameroon, bringing together 11 laboratories from nine countries at the Pasteur Centre of Cameroon (CPC), the network’s Coordinating Centre. The network was formally established at th... more

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Compendium of WHO guidelines and associated standards: ensuring optimum delivery of the cascade of care for patients with tuberculosis
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

2nd edition. T The Compendium has been developed as a clear and concise instrument to facilitate the understanding and planning of delivery of high-quality care for everybody affected by TB. It incorporates all recent policy guidance from WHO; follows the care pathway of persons with signs or sympt... more

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UNICEF’s HIV Programming in the Context of COVID-19: Building back better for children, adolescents and women

Unicef (2021) CC2

The coronavirus outbreak that began in 2019 (COVID-19) threatens to reverse years of hard-won gains in preventing and treating HIV. Fragile health systems are further stressed as health workers navigate an increased client load and demands at work while also being concerned for their own health and ... more

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Laboratory readiness and response for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in expert laboratories in 30 EU/EEA countries

Reusken C. B. E. M., E. K. Broberg, B. Haagmans et al. Eurosurveillance (2020) C2

Timely detection of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection cases is crucial to interrupt the spread of this virus. We assessed the required expertise and capacity for molecular detection of 2019-nCoV in specialised laboratories in 30 European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries. Thirty-... more

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WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment and care

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

The Global Programme on Tuberculosis & Lung Health of the World Health Organization (WHO/GTB) is now combining all current recommendations into one overall set of consolidated guidelines on TB. The guidelines contain recommendations pertaining to all areas related to the programmatic management of T... more

Continuity of essential health services: Facility assessment tool recommended

Clinical care for severe acute respiratory infection: toolkit: COVID-19 adaptation recommended

Utilisation de l’imagerie thoracique en cas de COVID-19 recommended

Compendium of WHO guidelines and associated standards: ensuring optimum delivery of the cascade of care for patients with tuberculosis recommended

Continuity of essential health services: Facility assessment tool
recommended

Clinical care for severe acute respiratory infection: toolkit: COVID-19 adaptation
recommended

Utilisation de l’imagerie thoracique en cas de COVID-19
recommended

Compendium of WHO guidelines and associated standards: ensuring optimum delivery of the cascade of care for patients with tuberculosis
recommended