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Publication Years
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The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) Biosafety and Biosecurity Initiative was launched by the Africa CDC in April 2019 with the aim
...
of strengthening the African Union (AU) Member States’ biosafety and biosecurity systems and enabling them to comply with national and international requirements for biosafety and biosecurity including the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005), the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), and United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540 and the multi-country Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) and the Global Health Security Index report confirmed the known capacity gaps in biosafety and biosecurity among Africa Union Member (AU).
The regional consultations by Africa CDC conducted between 2019-2021 highlighted the deficiency or limited availability of standardized and regionally recognized training programs in the continent, limiting biosafety and biosecurity capacity building efforts in the region. In response, Africa CDC working with AU Member States developed a home grown, implementable and accessible professional training and certification program that is both recognized and endorsed by AU Member States. The Regional Training and Certification Program for Biosafety and Biosecurity Professionals, for African Biosafety and Biosecurity Professionals (RTCP-BBP) has four (4) areas of specialization, namely
- Selection, Installation, Maintenance and Certification of Biological Safety Cabinets
- Biorisk Management
- Design and Maintenance of Facilities Handling High Risk Pathogens (Biocontainment Engineering)
- Biological Waste management
more
The Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) project has conducted a multi-year, multi-country study that provides stark insights on the under-reported depth of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis across Africa
...
and lays out urgent policy recommendations to address the emergency.
MAAP reviewed 819,584 AMR records from 2016-2019, from 205 laboratories across Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Eswatini, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. MAAP also reviewed data from 327 hospital and community pharmacies and 16 national-level AMC datasets.
more
The Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) project has conducted a multi-year, multi-country study that provides stark insights on the under-reported depth of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis across Africa
...
and lays out urgent policy recommendations to address the emergency.
MAAP reviewed 819,584 AMR records from 2016-2019, from 205 laboratories across Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Eswatini, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. MAAP also reviewed data from 327 hospital and community pharmacies and 16 national-level AMC datasets.
more
The CDC's "About Cholera" webpage provides essential information on cholera, an intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It highlights that cholera is primarily spread through contaminated water and food, leading to severe diarrhea, dehydration, and potentially death if untreate
...
d. Individuals in areas with unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene are at the highest risk. The page emphasizes the importance of early and proper treatment, such as rehydration therapy, to improve survival rates. Preventative measures include using treated water, practicing good hygiene, and vaccination, especially for travelers to regions where cholera is prevalent.
more
Mpox Molecular Diagnostic Tests(RT-PCR)
recommended
March 2025. Access to appropriate, quality-assured diagnostics remains a challenge. There is limited information on key characteristics of available test kits, including their performance, reliability, and ability to detect relevant Mpox clades. Add
...
itionally, the lack of multiplex diagnostic tools capable of distinguishing Mpox from other pathogens with similar clinical presentations further complicates case detection and response efforts.
more
The CDC Yellow Book is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's comprehensive reference guide to health issues related to international travel. It provides evidence-based recommendations and
...
practical guidance for healthcare professionals advising travellers, as well as for travellers themselves. Topics covered include country-specific vaccination requirements, the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, malaria prophylaxis, food and water safety, the management of travel-related conditions, and guidance for special populations, such as children, pregnant travellers and individuals with chronic illnesses. Updated every two years, the Yellow Book synthesises global surveillance data, World Health Organization guidelines and CDC expertise to help prevent illness and injury during international travel. Serving as both an authoritative clinical tool and a public health resource, it ensures safe and healthy travel worldwide.
Accessed on 27/08/2025.
more
During the reporting period, significant progress was made in strengthening the mpox response across the continent. The lessons learned and challenges identified during the joint mpox continental intra-action review (IAR), which took place successfully in December 2024 in Addis Ababa have guided the
...
development of the action plan for the response to the mpox epidemic in January and February 2025.
more
Surveillance Mpox. Protocole de notification pour les états membres de l'union Africaine
recommended
On 13 August 2024, the Africa Centres for Disease Control (Africa CDC) declared the multi-country mpox outbreak a public health emergency of contin
...
ental security, with strong recommendations to improve surveillance and vaccine deployment in all AU Member States. On 14 August 2024, the WHO Director-General declared mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).
more
Conducting a Field Investigation
King Mich.; Bensyl D.; Goodman R.; Rasmussen S.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2025)
C_CDC
This chapter describes the step-by-step process required in performing an epidemiologic field investigation. The 10 steps covered here build on and further refine the steps that have been taught traditionally in the Centers for Disease
...
Control and Prevention's (CDC) annual Epidemic Intelligence Service courses, in the three previous editions of this manual (the textbook Field Epidemiology), and in other CDC instructional programs.
more
The text explains the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS), a surveillance system used in the United States to collect and analyze data about disease outbreaks. It describes how health departments report outbreaks caused by food, water, person-
...
to-person contact, environmental exposure, or unknown sources. The system helps public health authorities monitor trends, identify causes of outbreaks, and improve prevention strategies. By gathering and sharing outbreak information, NORS supports better responses to public health threats and helps reduce the spread of infectious diseases.
more
The document “Mpox Continental Response Plan 2.0” outlines the strategy developed by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) in collaboration with the World Health Org
...
anization (WHO) to respond to the ongoing mpox outbreak across Africa. The plan describes coordinated actions to strengthen surveillance, laboratory capacity, case detection and contact tracing in affected countries. It also focuses on improving access to vaccines, diagnostics and treatment, supporting healthcare systems, and enhancing risk communication and community engagement. In addition, the document highlights the importance of regional and international cooperation, resource mobilization and technical support to help African countries control the outbreak and prevent further spread. Overall, the plan serves as a continental framework to guide a coordinated public health response to mpox in Africa.
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Investigating outbreaks caused by non-infectious, toxic agents requires some unique considerations and skills that are different from those used to investigate infectious disease outbreaks. To help public health agencies investigate these outbreaks,
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CDC’s National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) has developed a Toxicological Outbreak Investigation course. The goal of the Toxicological Outbreak Investigation Course is to provide information, resources, and learning activities to impart the knowledge and skills needed to investigate a toxicological outbreak to public health practitioners who investigate outbreaks.
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In this guideline, natural ventilation is considered
among one the effective measures to control infections in health care. This guideline provides
a design and operation guide for hospital planners, engineers, architects and infection
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control
personnel. The recommendations in this guideline followed a systematic
review of the literature on the association of ventilation and disease transmission, as well
as effective natural ventilation solutions for infection control.
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Guidelines for malaria vector control
recommended
Vector control is a vital component of malaria prevention, control and
elimination strategies because it can be highly effective in providing
per
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sonal protection and/or reducing disease transmission.
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Antimicrobials are medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to these medicines, ren
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dering them ineffective and making infections more difficult to treat. This resistance increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, disability, and death. Although AMR is a natural phenomenon driven by genetic
changes in pathogens, it is significantly accelerated by human activities such as the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in healthcare, agriculture, and animal husbandry.
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This document aims to provide public health authorities in European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries with guidance for improved preparedness planning taking the lessons that have been identified through various activities in the context
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of recent public health crises (e.g. COVID-19 pandemic, mpox multi-country outbreak 2022–23) and translating them to concrete advice. This document, together with the ECDC recommendations on the implementation of public health and social measures (PHSMs) for health emergencies and pandemics published in 2024, form a package of concrete recommendations for preparedness planning for the EU/EEA countries. Lessons learned primarily from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but also from the response to the multicountry mpox outbreak in 2022–23, were collected through various activities from Member States, the European Commission, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the WHO Regional Office from Europe. We have then presented these in the form of specific recommendations for planners within each phase of the continuous cycle of preparedness (Anticipation, Response and Recovery), following a prototype structure of a preparedness and response plan. In each section, we have presented a relevant example from a Member State or international organisation to illustrate their practice or attempt to implement lessons after COVID-19 or the mpox outbreak. These examples were identified either through literature review or communication with representatives of the countries within ECDC’s network for Preparedness and Response.
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Noma (cancrum oris) is a severe gangrenous disease of the mouth and face. It mostly affects children between the ages of 2 and 6 years living in ex
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treme poverty. In addition to the known factors such as malnutrition, lack of vaccination in children and poor oral hygiene, several social and environmental factors such as maternal malnutrition and close spacing of pregnancies that result in offspring with increasingly weakened immune systems are potentially related to the onset of the disease.
The aim of this guide is to assist the ministries of health (MoHs) to identify a general goal to be attained by the end of five years, with a view to sustainably reducing the incidence of noma as a public health problem through programmes that are fully integrated with national health planning, strengthening of primary health care (PHC) and attainment of UHC.
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The frequency of infectious disease epidemics is increasing, and the role of the health sector in the management
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of epidemics is crucial in terms of response. In the context of infectious disease epidemics, the use of climate-informed early warning systems (EWS) has the potential to increase the effectiveness of disease control by intervening before or at the beginning of the epidemic curve, instead of during the downward slope.
Currently, the initiation of interventions is heavily reliant on routine disease surveillance systems – data that often arrive too late for preventative response. However, forecasting of disease outbreaks using surveillance and weather information shows promising potential – there also remains further scope to examine seasonal climate forecasts. By combining these elements in new EWS based on computational models, it will be possible to improve both the timeliness and impact of disease control. The World Health Organization (WHO) is strengthening existing surveillance systems for infectious diseases to enable the development of more robust and timely EWS, which has resulted in the rapid development and innovation of EWS for disease outbreaks.
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A major objective of this open access book is to summarize the current status of Buruli Ulcer (BU) research for the first time. It will identify gaps in our knowledge, stimulate research and support
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control of the disease by providing insight into approaches for surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of Buruli Ulcer. Book chapters will cover the history, epidemiology diagnosis, treatment and disease burden of BU and provide insight into the microbiology, genomics, transmission and virulence of Mycobacterium ulcerans. ; Supports further investigation by summarizing state of the art in the field of Buruli ulcer research Enriches understanding of epidemiology of Buruli ulcer in different geographic regions Reviews exhaustively the characteristics of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease
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ECDC launched the HEPSA (Health Emergency Preparedness Self-Assessment) tool, in order to support countries in improving their level of public health emergency preparedness. The tool is worksheet-based and is targeted at professionals in public heal
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th organisations responsible for emergency planning and event management. It consists of seven domains that define the process of public health emergency preparedness and response: 1) Pre-event preparations and governance; 2) Resources: Trained workforce; 3) Support capacity: Surveillance; 4) Support capacity: Risk assessment; 5) Event response management; 6) Post-event review; 7) Implementation of lessons learned.
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