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The paper “Artificial Intelligence for Public Health Surveillance in Africa: Applications and Opportunities” examines how artificial intelligence (AI) can improve public health systems across Africa, particularly in low-resource settings. It explores how machine learning and other AI techniques
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are being used for disease detection, outbreak prediction, real-time surveillance, and health resource management.
The authors focus on major public health challenges such as HIV, cholera, Ebola, measles, tuberculosis, malaria, COVID-19, and mental health. Through numerous case studies, the paper shows that AI can enhance the accuracy and speed of disease detection, predict outbreaks more effectively than traditional methods, support vaccination strategies, and optimize healthcare resource allocation. At the same time, it discusses important barriers to implementation, including limited data quality, infrastructure constraints, ethical concerns, and shortages of technical expertise.
Overall, the paper highlights AI’s strong potential to strengthen disease surveillance and health outcomes in Africa while emphasizing the need for careful integration, improved data systems, and supportive policy frameworks.
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The document “Public Health Surveillance for Cholera – Guidance Document (2024)” provides practical recommendations for countries on how to design, implement, and strengthen cholera surveillance systems. Developed by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC), it outlines the minimum req
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uirements for detecting, confirming, reporting, and monitoring cholera cases and outbreaks.
The guidance explains the core functions of cholera surveillance, including case detection, laboratory testing (such as RDTs, culture, and PCR), routine data collection, outbreak notification, case and field investigation, data analysis, and performance monitoring. It also describes how surveillance strategies should be adapted depending on whether a country is experiencing no outbreak, clustered transmission, or community transmission.
Overall, the document aims to help countries establish adaptive, fit-for-purpose surveillance systems that enable early outbreak detection, guide timely response measures, and support long-term cholera control and elimination efforts.
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The document “Strategic Framework for Strengthening Cross-Border Surveillance and Information Sharing in Africa” outlines a coordinated strategy developed by Africa CDC to improve public health surveillance and collaboration across national borders in Africa. It addresses the challenge that infe
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ctious diseases often spread across borders due to population movement, trade, and migration, while surveillance systems and data-sharing mechanisms frequently remain nationally focused and fragmented.
The framework proposes strengthening regional coordination, harmonizing surveillance systems, enhancing information sharing between countries, and building laboratory and workforce capacity. It also emphasizes timely detection of cross-border health threats, joint outbreak investigations, and improved communication among Member States. Overall, the document aims to enhance preparedness, early warning systems, and collective response to public health threats across the African continent.
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Renforcement de la surveillance et du partage d’informations à l’échelle transfrontalière en Afrique
Le document intitulé « Strategic Framework for Strengthening Cross-Border Surveillance and Information Sharing in Africa » présente une stratégie coordonnée élaborée par Africa CDC afin d’améliorer la surveillance de la santé publique et la collaboration au-delà des frontières national
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es en Afrique. Il met en évidence le défi posé par le fait que les maladies infectieuses se propagent fréquemment au-delà des frontières en raison des mouvements de population, du commerce et des migrations, tandis que les systèmes de surveillance et les mécanismes de partage des données restent souvent centrés sur le niveau national et fragmentés.
Le cadre stratégique propose de renforcer la coordination régionale, d’harmoniser les systèmes de surveillance, d’améliorer le partage d’informations entre les pays et de développer les capacités des laboratoires ainsi que des ressources humaines. Il souligne également l’importance de la détection rapide des menaces sanitaires transfrontalières, des enquêtes conjointes sur les flambées épidémiques et d’une meilleure communication entre les États membres. Dans l’ensemble, le document vise à renforcer la préparation, les systèmes d’alerte précoce et la réponse collective aux menaces de santé publique sur le continent africain.
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The document Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Technical Guidelines, Booklet Four: Sections 8 and 9 (Third Edition, 2019) provides guidance for strengthening public health surveillance and response systems in the WHO African Region. It focuses on monitoring, supervision, evaluation, and f
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eedback mechanisms to improve the performance and quality of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) systems. The text outlines key surveillance core functions—such as case detection, reporting, data analysis, outbreak investigation, preparedness, response, and feedback—and introduces indicators to measure system effectiveness, including timeliness, completeness, and data quality. Additionally, it discusses the implementation of electronic IDSR (eIDSR) to enhance real-time reporting and outbreak management. Overall, the booklet aims to strengthen early detection, rapid response, and health security capacity across all levels of the health system.
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Early Warning and Response to Outbreaks and other Public Health Events: A Guide provides practical guidance for strengthening early warning functions within existing public health surveillance systems in WHO’s South-East Asia Region. The document explains how countries can detect, verify, and resp
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ond rapidly to outbreaks and other unusual public health events in line with the International Health Regulations (2005). It describes the five key steps of an Early Warning and Response (EWAR) system—information collection, signal detection, event verification, response, and communication—and outlines how to set alert thresholds, identify signals, and ensure timely reporting. The guide also includes recommendations for monitoring and evaluating system performance to improve timeliness, sensitivity, and overall effectiveness in preventing and controlling public health threats.
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This report examines how clinical trials contribute to environmental impacts and outlines key considerations for integrating environmental sustainability into trial design, conduct and oversight. It explores the carbon footprint and resource use associated with clinical research activities – inclu
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ding site operations, participant travel, supply chains, data management and waste – and highlights how these impacts intersect with climate change risks to health systems and research infrastructure.
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Despite gains in childhood survival, more effort is needed to improve the well-being of children with developmental delays and disabilities. All children, including children with developmental delays and disabilities, need nurturing care. Nurturing care can contribute to preventing developmental del
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ays and protect children who are exposed to risk factors, as well as improve functioning and long-term outcomes for children with developmental disabilities. This Brief outlines why and how nurturing care is relevant for children with developmental delays and disabilities. Recognizing that these children have diverse needs requiring different levels of coordinated and family-centred support, it recommends a set of actions to strengthen policies, services, communities and caregiver capabilities so that these children receive nurturing care.
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The document “Guidelines for the Investigation and Control of Disease Outbreaks” provides practical guidance for public health professionals on how to detect, investigate, and manage outbreaks of communicable diseases. It describes the key steps of outbreak investigation, including confirming th
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e outbreak, establishing a case definition, collecting epidemiological and laboratory data, identifying the source and mode of transmission, and implementing control measures. The guidelines also explain how to organize outbreak response teams, communicate findings, and document results in outbreak reports. Overall, the document aims to support systematic and effective outbreak investigations in order to control disease spread and protect public health.
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Outbreak Investigation, Response and Control – Module 8. Integrated Disease Surveillance Project: Training Manual for State & District Surveillance Officers
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP)
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
(2005)
C2
The document “Outbreak Investigation, Response and Control – Module 8” is a training module from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) designed to guide health officials in investigating and managing disease outbreaks. It explains the basic principles and steps of outbreak investi
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gation, including detecting unusual increases in disease cases, confirming diagnoses, collecting and analyzing epidemiological data, and identifying the source and mode of transmission. The module also describes appropriate control and prevention measures, emphasizes timely reporting and coordination within the surveillance system, and aims to strengthen the capacity of public health workers to effectively respond to infectious disease outbreaks at the district and state levels.
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The document “Strengthening the global architecture for health emergency prevention, preparedness, response and resilience” presents a report by the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) to the World Health Assembly on global efforts to improve preparedness and response to heal
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th emergencies. It reviews the implementation of the Health Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Resilience (HEPR) framework and highlights lessons learned from recent crises such as COVID-19. The report describes international initiatives to strengthen global health governance, surveillance systems, laboratory networks, community protection measures, healthcare capacity and access to medical countermeasures like vaccines and diagnostics. It also discusses coordination of emergency responses, support for countries facing outbreaks or humanitarian crises, and the importance of international cooperation. In addition, the report emphasizes the need for sustainable and coordinated financing to strengthen global health security and ensure that countries can better prevent, detect and respond to future health threats.
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There has been major progress in the HIV response in eastern and southern
Africa, the region most affected by the HIV pandemic.
The Private Sector Engagement Strategy on HIV, STIs and TB is a is a guide that is both comprehensive
and focused, and it is to be used by businesses and corporations to actively participate in the HIV, STIs
and TB and Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) response. The goal of this strategy is to devel
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op a
culture in the workplace that actively promotes HIV, STIs and TB prevention, awareness, and support for
employees impacted by HIV, STIs and TB. The strategy incorporates several essential components, such
as those pertaining to prevention and education, accessibility to testing and treatment, reduction of stigma,
community participation, strategic alliances, employee empowerment and wellness, and data-driven
decision-making
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This document consolidates, for the first time, WHO recommendations on the prevention, testing, treatment and monitoring of hepatitis B and C, and includes testing strategies for hepatitis D. Drawing on a decade of evidence-based guidance issued between 2015 and 2025, it provides a single, practical
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handbook to support global progress toward eliminating viral hepatitis by 2030.
The document also highlights simplified service delivery models that promote decentralization, integration with primary care and related programmes such as HIV and tuberculosis, as well as task sharing and differentiated care to expand access and improve efficiency. It further underscores the need for robust data and monitoring systems to support effective programme implementation.
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The document provides guidance from the CDC on conducting an Operational Readiness Review (ORR) within the Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP) cooperative agreement. It outlines the purpose, structure, and evaluation criteria used to assess whether public health systems are prepared to respo
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nd effectively to emergencies. The guidance describes required capabilities, review processes, and documentation expectations, helping jurisdictions demonstrate their readiness and identify areas for improvement in emergency preparedness and response.
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The document explains how Unitaid contributes to strengthening global pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It highlights lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, including inequalities in access to health tools, and emphasizes the need for bet
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ter coordination, stronger health systems, and increased investment in research and development. The text describes Unitaid’s role in improving access to diagnostics, treatments, and medical oxygen, supporting regional manufacturing, and working with global partners to ensure faster and more equitable responses to future health emergencies.
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The document is a report by an expert group that presents a framework for improving future pandemic preparedness and emergency response, particularly in the context of India but with relevance to global health systems. It analyzes lessons learned from COVID-19 and past epidemics, identifies key weak
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nesses in areas such as governance, surveillance, data management, research, and coordination, and proposes a comprehensive strategy to address them. The report emphasizes the importance of early detection, strong public health infrastructure, coordinated governance, scientific innovation, and international collaboration. A central idea is the ability to respond effectively within the first 100 days of an outbreak by having systems, resources, and policies already in place. Overall, it aims to strengthen resilience and ensure faster, more efficient responses to future health crises.
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The document is a practical handbook developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) that provides guidance on how to design, plan, conduct, and evaluate simulation exercises in public health settings. Its main purpose is to help organisations improve their preparedness an
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d response to communicable disease outbreaks by using structured exercises as a training and evaluation tool. The handbook explains different types of exercises, outlines the steps involved in organising them, and highlights the importance of clear objectives, coordination, and evaluation. Overall, it aims to strengthen emergency preparedness by enabling organisations to identify weaknesses, improve collaboration, and enhance their ability to respond effectively to public health crises.
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The text explains the concept of disaster preparedness and outlines how societies can better prepare for and respond to emergencies. It describes key components such as risk assessment, planning, resource management, warning systems, and training, emphasizing that effective preparedness requires coo
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rdination between institutions, communities, and individuals. The text also highlights the importance of early warning systems, showing that not only technical accuracy but also clear communication and community response are crucial. Overall, it argues that disaster preparedness is an ongoing process that combines planning, capacity building, and practical measures to reduce risks and improve emergency response.
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The text is a report from a WHO meeting that focuses on strengthening research in the field of health emergency and disaster risk management (Health EDRM). It describes how experts from different regions discussed current challenges, progress, and future priorities in improving research to better pr
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epare for and respond to health emergencies and disasters. A central theme is the need for stronger collaboration between countries, institutions, and disciplines, as well as better use of evidence to support policies and decision-making. The report also outlines key actions, such as improving data sharing, developing practical guidance for policymakers, increasing research capacity—especially in low- and middle-income countries—and ensuring that research findings are effectively translated into real-world practice. Overall, the text emphasizes global cooperation and evidence-based strategies to enhance preparedness and resilience against health threats.
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