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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Health Financing Progress Matrix assessment, Kenya 2023: summary of findings and recommendations

Kenya Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) CC

This comprehensive HPFM report thoroughly explores Kenya’s health financing landscape. It provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of affairs and sheds light on required strategic changes in health financing. The report points out the need to improve public financial management within th... more

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2022 Annual Report Working to Achieve Transformative Results

United Nations Population Fund UNFPA (2022) C1

Access to safe and voluntary family planning is an inalienable human right that cannot be denied. In 2022, UNFPA continued to work with Government and partners to make this a reality in Namibia by providing strategic support to the national family planning programme and ensuring universal access ... more

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Denial of Humanitarian Access to Children: A Guidance Note for the Children and Armed Conflict Agenda

UNICEF; UN Office of the SRSG for Children and Armed Conflict Reliefweb OCHA (2025) C_UNICEF

ith a view to support the monitoring and reporting on the denial of humanitarian access against children, the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict and UNICEF publish today* a guidance note offering new tools to practitioners to better address ... more

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TB/HIV Coinfection Regional Clinical Manual 2017 Update

Pan American Health Organization PAHO (2018) C_WHO

The purpose of this guide is to provide updated clinical guidance on TB/HIV, with an emphasis on diagnostic aspects—including new techniques—as well as current treatment, while maintaining a public health approach. By compiling and consolidating the latest World Health Organization recommendatio... more

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Climate change: a hreat to malaria elimination. Is Asia Pacific prepared?

Malaria Consortium; Asia Pacific Leaders Malaria Alliance; TDR; et al. (2021) CC

Thematic brief. This brief highlights the link between climate change and VBDs in Asia Pacific. Using malaria to tell the narrative, it lists key actions that policymakers and the public health community can consider in addressing the impact of a changing climate on health. The brief also includes ... more

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Framework for Artemisinin resistance prevention, containment, and elimination in South America

Pan American Health Organization PAHO; World Health Organization WHO; instituional Repository for Information Sharing iris (2016) C_WHO

The framework recommends expanded coverage of malaria diagnostic and treatment services, intensified vector control to drive down transmission, strengthened malaria surveillance, and increased transborder collaboration, especially in terms of efforts to control the sale and use of artemisinin monoth... more

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Plan Stratégique National de Lutte contre le Paludisme 2021–2027

Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), République du Burundi Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Lutte contre le Sida, République du Burundi (2021) C2

Le Plan Stratégique National de Lutte contre le Paludisme 2021–2027 du Burundi expose la vision d’un Burundi sans décès lié au paludisme d’ici 2027. Le programme vise à réduire de 60 % la morbidité et à atteindre zéro mortalité grâce à une couverture universelle en prévention (m... more

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Multi-hazard early warning systems: a checklist

UNDP; Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDEMA; International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IFRC; et al. (2022) C1

The Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (MHEWS) Checklist is a practical tool consisting of major components and actions that national governments, community organizations and partners within and across all sectors can refer when developing or evaluating early warning systems

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Roadmap towards zero leprosy, Pakistan

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

The World Health Organization recently redefined leprosy elimination as a phased process, with the first milestone being the interruption of transmission, achieved when no new child cases (defined as younger than 15 years) are reported for five consecutive years. In Pakistan, the well-functioning ... more

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Routine health information system and health facility and community data for neglected tropical diseases: last-mile logistics information system for medicines and health products

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

This document on logistics management information systems (LMIS) was developed to address the increasing need for harmonization and standardization of core indicators for managing medicines and health products for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) at country level (i.e. for last-mile logistics). It... more

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Exposure to health damaging air pollutants: technical brief

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

Exposure to air pollution has significant adverse health effects, leading to nearly 1 in every 8 deaths globally. Air pollution affects all age groups, from unborn children to older people, in both high- and low-income nations.

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Towards an AIDS Free Generation. Promoting community-based strategies for and with children and adolescents with disabilities

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2012)

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ACT-A - Urgent Priorities & Financing Requirements at 10 November 2020

World Health Organization (WHO), The Global Fund, Gavi et al. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) CC

Six months after its launch on 24 April, the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator has already delivered concrete results in speeding up the development of new therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines. Now mid-way through the scale-up phase, the tools we need to fundamentally change the course o... more

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COVID-19 disease in children and adolescents: Scientific brief, 29 September 2021

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

SARS-CoV-2 infections among children and adolescents cause less severe illness and fewer deaths compared to adults. While a less severe course of infection is a positive outcome, there are concerns that mild symptoms may have led to less testing, resulting in fewer identified cases of COVID-19 in ch... more

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Are ending AIDS 2030 and UHC policy objectives jointly attainable in SADC? A fisical perspective

T. Lievens; A. Murray-Zmijewski; P. Booth HIV Economics Reference Group (2015) C2

Oxford Policy Management (OPM) - APW with UNAIDS (thru TSF)

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If not now, when? Keeping promises to older people affected by humanitarian crises. Summary

HelpAge (2020) CC

A new report from aid agencies Age International and HelpAge International, If not now, when? criticises the humanitarian sector for its failure to address the needs of older people in emergencies. This failure contravenes several international commitments made in recent years and flies in the face ... more

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La COVID-19 chez les enfants et les adolescents : document d’information scientifique, 29 septembre 2021

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS (2021) C_WHO

Les infections au SRAS-CoV-2 chez les enfants et les adolescents provoquent une maladie moins grave et moins de décès que chez les adultes. Bien qu'une évolution moins grave de l'infection soit un résultat positif, on s'inquiète du fait que des symptômes légers aient pu conduire à moins de t... more

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Prevalence of clinical forms of Chagas disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis – data from the RAISE study

Nasciemento, B.R.; et al. (2024) CC

The Lancet Regional Health - Americas 2024;30: 100681 Published Online 3 February 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2024.100681

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Interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under Emergency Use Listing

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

These WHO interim recommendations on the use of the Pfizer – BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine against Covid-19 were developed on the basis of advice issued by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) and the evidence summary included in the background document referenced below. fir... more