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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to ... reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidence map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

Uganda: THE NATIONAL DRUG POLICY AND AUTHORITY ACT

(1993) C2

CHAPTER 206 | An Act to establish a national drug policy and a national drug authority to ensure the availability, at all times, of essential, efficacious and cost-effective drugs to the entire popu ... more

Political economy analysis for health financing: A ‘how to’ guide

World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) CC

This Guide is part of WHO’s overall programme of work on Political Economy of Health Financing ... more

Perceptions and experiences of nurses about the mobile clinic work environment

Stemmet, C.L. (2016) C1

Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Nursing Science in the Faculty ... more

Health workers’ education and training on antimicrobial resistance: curricula guide
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

This curricula guide builds on several existing products of WHO and partners, aimed at supporting countries in their effort to address the first objective of the GAP-AMR (to improve awareness and un ... more

Germany: health system review. Health Systems in Transition

Busse R, Blümel M World Health Organization (WHO) (2014)

The Health Systems in Transition (HiT) series consists of country-based reviews that provide a detailed description of a ... more

WHO recommendations on adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

This document provides an overview of sexual and reproductive health and rights issues that may be important for the human rights, health and well- ... more

Developing and Strengthening Community Health Worker Programs at Scale

Perry, H.; L. Crigler, et al. Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP) (2014)

A Reference Guide for Program Managers and Policy Makers. Recently, a renewed interest in large-scale community health worker (CHW) programs has been seen globally. This renewal provides an opportun ... more

Strengthening the health systems response to COVID-19 - Technical guidance #5

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

This guidance is targeted to primary health care policy-makers and only addresses issues relevant for primary health care providers. It has been pr ... more

Urban Health Initiative a model process for catalysing change - air pollution: econmics and urban health

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Economics plays a vital role in health policy-making and investments to reduce air pollution; in helping to understand the costs of ... more

SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for public health goals: Interim guidance, 8 January 2021

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

The growing understanding of how sequence information can contribute to improved public health is driving global investments in sequencing facilities and programmes. The falling cost and complexity ... more

Government Health Spending Outlook - Projections Through 2029: Diverging Fiscal Pressures, Uneven Constraints

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank (2024) CC

This paper examines the implications of the IMF’s April 2024 macro-fiscal forecast updates on government health expenditure (GHE) across 170 economies through 2029, covering nearly all years remai ... more

World Drug Report 2019 Booklet 1 Executive summary / Policy implications

United Nations Office on Drug and Crime UNODOC (2022) C1

The World Drug Report 2022 is aimed not only at fostering greater international cooperation to counter the impact of the world drug problem on health, governance and security, but also, with its spe ... more

Addressing Inequalities in Global Health: UNU IIGH Strategic Plan 2024–2028

United Nations University UNU (2024) C1

The 2019-2023 Strategy for UNU-IIGH, developed in 2018, built on UNU-IIGH’s strategic advantage and position vis-à-vis the UN and global health ecosystem. The Strategy set a goal to advance evidencebased ... more

Mapping the Literature on Development Assistance in Health: A Bibliometric Analysis

Karwa O., Jain R., Deo S. Observer Research Foundation (2024) CC

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the literature on private health aid and official health assistance between 2000 and 2022. It provid ... more

Africa CDC Reproductive Health | Strategic Priorities 2022-2026

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2023) CC

In 2006, the Special Session of African Union Health Ministers adopted the Maputo Plan of Action for implementing the Continental ... more

Communication Risk in Public Health Emergencies
recommended

World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) C_WHO

A WHO Guideline for Emergency Risk Communication (ERC) policy and practice. Recent public health emergencies, such as the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa (2014–2015), the emergence ... more

Building health system resilience to public health challenges: guidance for implementation in countries

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Health system resilience is not an inevitable byproduct of any investment in health but must be intentionally programmed and developed with necessa ... more

Policy Brief for the Legal Framework on Infection Prevention and Control

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) C1

The Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Legal Framework comes before the Specialized Technical Committee on Health and Drug Control for adoption and endorsement. The IPC Legal Framework is designed to guide Member States in the review and strengt ... more