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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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International Guidelines Human Rights and drug policy

M. Stoffregen UNAIDS; World Health Organization; UNDP; et al. (2019) C2

Accessed: 07.11.2019

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A framework for mental health and psychosocial support in radiological and nuclear emergencies

World Health Organization (WHO) and InterAgency Standing Committee (IASC) (2020) C_WHO

The health impact of radiological and nuclear emergencies can last for decades. Lessons learned from past radiological and nuclear accidents have demonstrated that the mental health and psychosocial consequences can outweigh the direct physical health impacts of radiation exposure. International rad... more

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Community Health Extension Workers Strategy in Uganda (2015/16- 2019/20)

Ministry of Health, Republic of Uganda (2016) C1

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Kenya Health Sector Strategic Plan 2018-2023

World Health Organisation (2018) C_WHO

Transforming Health Systems: Achieving Universal Health Coverage by 2022. The development of the Kenya Health Sector Strategic Plan 2018–2023 is guided by the Constitution of 2010, the Kenya Vision 2030 and the Kenya Health Policy 2014–2030.

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Problem Management Plus (PM+)
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

Individual psychological help for adults impaired by distress in communities exposed to adversity. The manual describes a scalable psychological intervention called Problem Management Plus (PM+) for adults impaired by distress in communities who are exposed to adversity. Aspects of Cognitive Behavi... more

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Guidelines for the Development of Pharmaceutical Services in Primary Health Care

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2011) C_WHO

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HIV/AIDS treatment and care in Belarus

J. D. Lundgren; D. Raben; I. Eramova; V. Ilyenkova World Health Organization (Europe); Centre for Heath & Infectious Disease Research (2014) C_WHO

Evaluation report January 2014

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Community Health Workers in Sub Saharan Africa
recommended

Hannah Faal, Rènée du Toit, Henrietta Monye, Ronnie Graham IAPB Africa (2016) CC

A booklet on how CHWs were addressing eye health across Africa based on desk research and a survey in 23 countries

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Treatment - Paediatric HIV Care and Treatment

World Health Organization; UNAIDS; Unicef (2009) C_WHO

Working Document - Updated -February 2009

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OCHA Policy Brief on Gendered Drivers, Risks and Impacts of Food Insecurity in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2023) CC

It is widely understood that the food insecurity crisis in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa is one of the world’s fastest growing and most neglected crises. It lacks sufficient global focus, resources and urgency. As in so many crises, women and girls are disproportionately affected and shoulder t...he consequences of protracted neglect, with unconscionable impacts on their safety, life chances and agency. Gaining a holistic view of the gendered drivers, risks and impacts of food insecurity in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa is difficult. This is due to a lack of data and prioritization, and the large geographical and socioeconomic terrain covered by both regions. However, what we do know about this crisis is more than enough to urgently address the needs of women and girls. An OCHA discussion paper on this topic (which will be published imminently, and from which this policy brief is drawn) found that there is: A strong risk of profound regression in gender equality gains made to date in the countries of concern, including on education, sexual and reproductive health, and the economic independence of women and girls (with knock-on effects on broader humanitarian and development outcomes). An increasing challenge to reverse what must be recognized as a protracted and growing gender-based violence (GBV) emergency in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa. The food insecurity crisis in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa is protracted, multidimensional and highly gendered, with spiralling impacts on gender equality and food security outcomes. It is driven by interwoven and overlapping factors, including climate change, political instability, conflict, socioeconomic conditions, migration and displacement and, more recently, COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine. Interlinked with these factors are gendered structural drivers of food insecurity, including deeply entrenched gender inequalities and harmful social norms. Gendered risks and impacts of food insecurity include alarming limitations on access to education, sexual and reproductive health rights, women’s agency and participation, and dramatic increases in different existing forms of GBV and the emergence of new ones. Recognition of such gendered dimensions of food insecurity and of the need for a multisectoral approach in the response is key to addressing the crisis, along-side sustained commitment and adequate allocation of resources. This policy brief draws out key findings from the OCHA discussion paper on this topic, which includes a desk review of studies, assessments and reports, and interviews with local women’s organizations on the front lines of the food insecurity crisis in communities across both regions. Below are the most pressing gendered drivers, risks and impacts of food insecurity (not in order of priority), as well as key gaps in the current humanitarian response to food insecurity, and recommendations to take forward. more

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Sexuality Education Policies and Their Implementation in Ghana

Awusabo-Asare, K.; M. Stillman, S. Keogh, et al. Guttmacher Institute (2017) C1

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Health interventions for older people in emergencies

Fritsch, P. Help Age International; ECHO (2013) CC

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Policy Brief: The impact of COVID-19 on older persons

United Nations (2020) C2

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing untold fear and suffering for older people across the world. As of 26 April, the virus itself has already taken the lives of some 193,710 people, and fatality rates for those over 80 years of age is five times the global average. As the virus spreads rapidly to devel... more

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WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2017-2021, Zambia

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Africa (2017) C_WHO

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WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection 2021 update
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

6 July 2021. The “WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection 2021 update” is the latest document replacing the one issued in 2020. Three new nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) classes are endorsed by WHO and included in the... more

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Disability and Education. Summary of Results

Jacob R.S. Malungo, D. Nabuzoka, R. Paul, et al. UNICEF; Ministry of Community Development and Social Services Zambia, et al. (2018)

Qualitative study from Zambia on barriers to and facilitators of life-long learning

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WHO's Response to the Ukraine Crisis. Interim Report. February to June 2022

World Health Organization (WHO) (2022) C_WHO

The military offensive by the Russian Federation in Ukraine which began February 2022 has triggered one of the world’s fastest-growing displacement and humanitarian crisis, with geopolitical and economic ripples felt across the globe. The ongoing war has caused large-scale disruptions to the deliv... more

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Sanitation inspections User guide

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Safe sanitation is essential for health, from preventing infections to improving and maintaining mental and social well-being. Lack of adequate sanitation contributes to diarrhoeal diseases, parasitic infections, and undernutrition, as well as posing significant risks and causing anxiety, especial... more

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Health Care Waste Management Manual, Fourth Edition

Department of Health Philippines (2020) CC

This document shall serve as the most comprehensive set of guidelines on the safe management of waste generated from heath care activities in the country. It incorporates the requirements of all Philippine laws and regulations governing HCWM and is designed for the use of individuals, public and pri... more

Problem Management Plus (PM+) recommended

Community Health Workers in Sub Saharan Africa recommended

WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection 2021 update recommended

Problem Management Plus (PM+)
recommended

Community Health Workers in Sub Saharan Africa
recommended

WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis - Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection 2021 update
recommended