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HIV testing and counselling in Estonian prisons, 2012 to 2013: aims, processes and impacts

The Estonian Ministry of Justice; Prison Department; Rehabilitation Division European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2014) CC

Euro Surveillance 2014;19(47):pii=20970, p.31-37

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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ECDC/EFSA/EMA second joint report on the integratedanalysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents andoccurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria fromhumans and food-producing animals

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) andEuropean Medicines Agency (EMA) (2017) C_CDC

The second ECDC/EFSA/EMA joint report on the integrated analysis of antimicrobial consumption (AMC) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals addressed data obtained by the Agencies’ EU-wide surveillance networks for 2013–2015. AMC in both sectors, exp... more

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Childhood multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the European Union and European Economic Area: an analysis of tuberculosis surveillance data from 2007 to 2015

C. Ködmön; M. van den Boom; P. Zucs, et al. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017) CC

15. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(47):pii=17-00103

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Operational considerations for the provision of the HIV continuum of care

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2022) C1

This document provides an overview of key considerations for the provision of the HIV continuum of care in the context of displaced people from Ukraine in the EU/EEA. This document has two aims: firstly, to outline what is known of the Ukrainian HIV epidemic, and secondly, to use the HIV continuum o... more

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The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC; EFSA EFSA Journal (2021) CC

This report of the EFSA and ECDC presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2020 in 27 EU Member States (MS) and nine non-MS. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically.

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The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019–2020

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2022) CC

This report provides an overview of the main findings of the 2019–2020 harmonised AMR monitoring in the main food-producing animal populations monitored, in carcase/meat samples and in humans. Where available, monitoring data obtained from pigs, calves, broilers, laying hens and turkeys, as well a... more

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Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) Country Report Eswatini

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

The Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) project has conducted a multi-year, multi-country study that provides stark insights on the under-reported depth of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis across Africa and lays out urgent policy recommendations to addr... more

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Communication toolkit to promote prudent antibiotic use aimed at primary care prescribers

European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC (2009) C2

The toolkit offers advice on how national public health authorities could engage with primary care prescribers so as to promote appropriate and responsible use of antibiotics. The toolkit contains template materials and some suggested key messages for health professionals, idea... more

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Toolkit for engaging in social media activities promoting prudent antibiotic use

European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC (2012) C_CDC

This guidance document is based on research of social media activity related to antibiotic use at EU level, as well as on a survey of the social media activities of EAAD partner organisations, mostly EU umbrella organisations of patients and health professionals. The research showed that there is al... more

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Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) Country Report Gabon

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

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Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients
recommended

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

This checklist has been developed to support hospital preparedness for the management of COVID-19 patients. Elements to be assessed have been divided into the following areas: Establishment of a core team and key internal and external contact points Human, material and facility capacit... more

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Contact tracing: Public health management of persons, including healthcare workers, having had contact with COVID-19 cases in the European Union -third update

European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC (2020) C_CDC

This document aims to help EU/EEA public health authorities in the tracing and management of persons, including healthcare workers, who had contact with COVID-19 cases. It outlines the key steps of contact tracing, including contact identification, listing and follow-up, in the context of the COVID-... more

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Implementation Guide for COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2021) C1

“Guide to facilitate the implementation of the WHO/UNICEF “Guidance on developing a national deployment and vaccination plan for COVID-19 vaccines” for Africa t contains action-oriented lists of critical topics to address and checklists tailored to the context of African Union Member States. ... more

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COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission- first update

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

23 Dec 2020. The aim of this document is to provide an update on the knowledge surrounding the role of children in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the role of schools in the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the experience in the EU from August–December, 2020. This document also addresses transmissio... more

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'Idea to Reality': Strategy and Implementation Plan 2017-2021

Federal Ministry of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (2017) C2

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Nigeria: Preparedness and Response to Cerebrospinal Meningitis Outbreaks

Federal Ministry Of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (2017) C2

A GUIDE FOR HEALTH WORKERS AND AUTHORITIES IN NIGERIA

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Guidelines forPrevention and Management of Stroke
recommended

National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS), India (2019) C2

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Ebola emergency preparedness in EU Member States: Conclusions from peer-review visits to Belgium, Portugal and Romania

ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2015) CC2

This report presents the main characteristics of Ebola emergency preparedness in three EU Member States. Findings are organised in five sections: preparedness planning, organisational structures, recourses and capacities, intersectoral and cross-border collaboration, and country-specific findings

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Rabies Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis Advisory

Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) (2022) CC

Rabies is a fatal viral disease, but is preventable in humans. The rabies virus is transmitted to humans through virus-laden saliva from a rabid animal, mostly dogs. The virus is shed in the saliva of an infected animal and can be introduced into another body through bites, scratches and any other ... more

Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients recommended

Implementation Guide for COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa recommended

Guidelines forPrevention and Management of Stroke recommended

Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients
recommended

Implementation Guide for COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa
recommended

Guidelines forPrevention and Management of Stroke
recommended