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East Africa: Key Message Update, September 2016

Forum on Early Warning and Early Response (2016) C1

This brief summarizes FEWS NET’s most forward-looking analysis of projected emergency food assistance needs in FEWS NET coverage countries. The projected size of each country’s acutely food insecure population is compared to last year and the recent five-year average. Countries where external em... more

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Guidance on Emergency Expedited Regulatory Authorisation and Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) C1

Taking the whole of Africa approach to fighting the COVID-19 pandemic has and will continue to require coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders from across the continent. Africa CDC would like to acknowledge the deep partnership and continued support of AUDA-NEPAD, AVAREF, WHO AFRO, the Bill a... more

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Africa CDC: Event based Surveillance Framework

Africa CDC (2018) C_CDC

Event-based surveillance (EBS) is defined as the organized collection, monitoring, assessment and interpretation of mainly unstructured ad hoc information regarding health events or risks, which may represent an acute risk to health. Both indicator-based and event-based surveillance components serve... more

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Educating Children with Disabilities in Africa

The African Child Policy Forum (ACPF) (2011) C2

Towards a policy of inclusion

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A toolkit for integrated vector management in sub-Saharan Africa

World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

This toolkit for integrated vector management (IVM) is designed to help national and regional programme managers coordinate across sectors to design and run large IVM programmes.
The toolkit provides the technical detail required to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate an IVM approach. IVM can... more

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Investigating the zoonotic origin of the West African Ebola epidemic

Almudena Marí Saéz, Sabrina Weiss, Kathrin Nowak,et al. (2014)

DOI 10.15252/emmm.201404792 |Published online 30.12.2014 EMBO Molecular Medicine(2014)emmm.201404792

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Noncommunicable diseases in Africa: Youth are key to curbing the epidemic and achieving sustainable development
recommended

Naik, W. & Kaneda, T. Population Reference Bureau (2015) C2

Policy Brief | April 2015 | This brief accompanies the data sheet, Addressing Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases Among Young People in Africa: Key to Prevention and Sustainable Development, and its data appendix, which provide all available country-specific data on four key NCD risk factors a... more

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2 million African community health workers - Harnessing the demographic dividend, ending AIDS and ensuring sustainable health for all in Africa

UNAIDS (2017) CC

This report makes the case for a major new initiative—to rapidly recruit, train and deploy 2 million community health workers in Africa. Drawing on a vast body of evidence and substantial regional experience, the report shows how community health workers save lives and improve quality of life and ... more

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Men who have Sex with Men - An Introductory Guide for Health Care Workers in Africa

B. Brown; Z. Duby; A. Scheibe; et al. Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation (2011) C2

Revised Version 2011

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Voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention in 14 priority countries in eastern and southern Africa

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

WHO Progress Brief Progress Brief July 2017

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Africa, WASH, and the Millennium Development Goals: A Local Systems Case Study of How Ethiopia Achieved MDG Target 7c

McGahey, Christopher USAID (2017) C1

Ethiopia met the MDG target for drinking water access with a unique and high degree of success. The magnitude of the country’s success in providing improved drinking water to nearly half of its population in 25 years despite its diversity, size, and challenges cannot be overstated. This case study... more

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The role of an essential health benefit in health systems in east and southern Africa: Learning from regional research

R. Loewenson, M. Mamdani and others Regional Network for Equity in Health in east and southern Africa (EQUINET) (2018) C1

Regional Network for Equity in Health in east and southern Africa (EQUINET): Disussion Paper 113
This report synthesises the learning across the full programme of work. It presents the methods used, the context and policy motivations for developing EHBs; how they are being defined, costed, di... more

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WHO guideline for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV co-infected patients in East Africa and South-East Asia

World Health Organzation WHO WHO Neglected Tropical Diseases Department (2022) C_WHO

The leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by Leishmania spp., which occur in cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral forms. They are neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which disproportionately affect marginalized populations who have limited access to health care. HIV co-infected patients with... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Enhanced COVID-19 Surveillance at the Community Level in Africa

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) CC

The strategy recommends that AU Member States should enhance, where feasible, existing COVID-19 surveillance to include: Community-based surveillance to detect symptomatic cases early for treatment and to avert viral transmission; Sentinel surveillance in high-risk populations to detect ... more

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COVID-19 situation report for the Western Pacific Region 2022

World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office of the Western Pacific (2022) C_WHO

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Taking Stock: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Climate Commitments - an East and Southern Africa Review

UNFPA (2024) CC

Women, girls and marginalized groups who are largely dependent on natural resources for livelihoods are among the hardest hit by extreme weather patterns. These weather patterns limit their access to food, water, shelter, education and access to essential health services, including those that addres... more

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The health of the people: what works – the African Regional Health Report 2014

World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa (2014) C_WHO

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Contextual factors around the sexual abuse of people with disabilities in East Africa

Mary-Ann Waddell & Rob Aley Advantage Africa, FIRAH, Resource Center Applied Research and Disability (2015) C2

Knowledge based upon a descriptive literature review of applied research

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Community Health Workers in Sub Saharan Africa
recommended

Hannah Faal, Rènée du Toit, Henrietta Monye, Ronnie Graham IAPB Africa (2016) CC

A booklet on how CHWs were addressing eye health across Africa based on desk research and a survey in 23 countries

Noncommunicable diseases in Africa: Youth are key to curbing the epidemic and achieving sustainable development recommended

Community Health Workers in Sub Saharan Africa recommended

Noncommunicable diseases in Africa: Youth are key to curbing the epidemic and achieving sustainable development
recommended

Community Health Workers in Sub Saharan Africa
recommended