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India: Training Manual on Intensified TB/HIV package for Medical Officers

National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2009) C1

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Zambia Population-based HIV Impact Assessement ZAMPHIA 2016

Ministry of Health, Zambia; Zambia National Public Health Institute; University of Zambia, et al. (2019) CC

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WHO Interim Guidance for Internation al Meetings Attended by Individuals f rom Ebola Virus Disease - affected countries

World Health Organization (2014)

This interim guidance is aimed at assisting organizers of international meetings attended by individuals from EVD-affected countries and individuals with a travel history to EVD-affected countries within the previous 3 weeks. The first part is intended for organizers of international meetings, to ... more

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Modelling an Optimised Investment Approach for Tajikistan

The Republic of Tajikistan; UNDP (2014) C2

Getting to Zero Sustainable Financing of National HIV Responses

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Malaria elimination programme review india 2022

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

The document “Malaria Elimination Programme Review, India 2022”, published by the WHO Country Office for India, provides an in-depth assessment of India’s progress toward malaria elimination. It evaluates the structure, implementation, and effectiveness of national and subnational malaria prog... more

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Strengthening Kangaroo Mother Care at a tertiary level hospital in Zambia: A prospective descriptive study

Muttau, N.; Mwendafilumba, M; Lewis, B. et al. (2022) CC

PLoS ONE 17(9): e0272444. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0272444. Based on the RE-AIM metrics, our results show that KMC is a feasible intervention that can improve neonatal outcomes among preterm infants in Zambia. The study findings show a promising, practical approach to scaling up KMC in... more

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Towards universal health coverage in the WHO African Region: tracking financial protection

World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) CC

The role of evidence in the journey towards universal health coverage is paramount. Financial risk protection monitoring, the major focus of this report, informs where the WHO African Region stands in reducing the financial hardship people face due to health expenses. This report details the status ... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Financing the Pandemic Cycle: Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery and Reconstruction

Fan V. Y., Kim S., Pineda D., et al. Center for Global Development (2024) CC

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical gaps in the global response to health crises, particularly in the financing of pandemic prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and reconstruction. This chapter presents a comprehensive framework for pandemic financing that spans the entire pandemic cycle... more

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Political economy analysis for health financing: A ‘how to’ guide

World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) CC

This Guide is part of WHO’s overall programme of work on Political Economy of Health Financing Reform: Analysis and Strategy to Support UHC. The impetus for this work came from demands for more concrete evidence, recognition and integration of political economy issues within health financing, and... more

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Plan of Action for Malaria Elimination 2021-2025

Pan American Health Organization PAHO (2022) C_WHO

The Plan subscribes to the goals and pillars of the WHO Global Technical Strategy against Malaria 2016-2030 (GTS), while presenting key elements to address the specific challenges of the Region.

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Factors associated with the unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes in the northern regions of Namibia: a mixed methods study

Amkongo, M.; Mitonga, H. K.; Alfeus, A.; et al. (2023) CC2

BMC Infectious Diseases volume 23, Article number: 342 (2023). Tuberculosis (TB) is among the leading causes of death globally. The disease has a huge burden in Namibia, with a case notification rate of at least 442 per 100,000. To date, Namibia is among the countries with the highest global TB bur... more

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ECSA report. Eastern, Central and Southern African Region - Education and Labor Markets for Nurses

World Bank Group; International Council of Nurses (2021) CC2

Challenges and Opportunities. This report presents a comprehensive assessment of the education and labor markets for nurses in the ECSA region. It documents the main challenges to train and deploy nurses and discusses opportunities for government and private sector employers to overcome these chall... more

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Violence Against Children and Youth in Namibia

Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication and Social Namibia (2020) CC2

Namibia has, for many years, had a strong legislative and policy framework for the protection of children. These policies and laws have been developed through the combined expertise of those working in the field of child protection who have ensured Namibia has a robust legal framework that is in li... more

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Regional Child Protection Operational Note

International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2025) C2

The Regional Child Protection Operational Note has been developed by IOM and UNICEF’s Regional and Country Offices in North, West and Central Africa as a collaborative inter-agency and cross-regional endeavour within the framework of the sixth phase of the IOM Regional Development and Protection P... more

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The Strategic Framework for Malaria Social and Behaviour Change Communication 2018-2030

The RBM Partnership to End Malaria (2018) C1

Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) is essential for the effective control, prevention and elimination of malaria. The 2018–2030 Strategic Framework for Malaria SBCC guides countries and partners in strengthening capacities, refining strategies and sharing best practices, all of which... more

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Rethinking communications for governance of malaria programs

Opigo, J.; Guyer A. L. (2023) CC

PLOS Glob Public Health 3(7): e0001132. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pgph.0001132 This paper proposes a framework for strategic communications for malaria governance that involves five key elements: knowing the audience, defining the message, designing a medium, identifying a messenger, and ... more

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Malaria surveillance assessment toolkit

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Implementation reference guide. This Malaria Surveillance Assessment Toolkit implementation reference guide is a comprehensive reference document, as well as a step by-step guide. It aligns and adapts available tools into a single set of standardized tools, which can be used to conduct malaria surve... more

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Surveillance and control of Anopheles stephensi: country experiences

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Anopheles stephensi is an invasive mosquito species which has been found spreading across Africa. While this species presents a new challenge for malaria control on the continent, its surveillance and management have been ongoing in Asia for many years. This document aims to summarize key lessons fr... more