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Audit Service Sierra Leone: Report on the Audit of the Management of the Ebola Funds

The Audit Service Sierra Leone (2015)

The audit was undertaken in order to ascertain whether allocations and donations received directly by the Government of Sierra Leone, in the fight against the Ebola Virus Disease were utilised with due regard to economy and efficiency and that internal controls were observed accordingly. The audit f... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Public-private partnerships for health care infrastructure and services: considerations for policy makers in Ukraine

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe (2022) C_WHO

ndependent of the current conflict, the health sector in Ukraine faces several critical shortcomings. In particular, the country has an oversupply of hospitals and an undersupply of primary care and diagnostic facilities. Addressing these limitations will require substantial amounts of capital inves... more

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Response analysis and response choice in food security crises: a roadmap

Daniel Maxwell, Heather Stobaugh, John Parker and Megan McGlinchy ODI (2013)

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International Disaster Response Laws (IDRL) in Sierra Leone

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva; Sierra Leone Red Cross Society (2012) C1

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Minimum Standards on Duty of Care in the Context of COVID-19
recommended

Inter-Agency Standing Committee IASC (2020) CC

Focusing on preventing and mitigating COVID-19 related risks, the standards aim to protect the health and safety of personnel, while ensuring that organizations continue to deliver on their mandates. Attention is paid to non-discrimination and ensuring that all personnel, regardless of nationality o... more

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Adolescent Refugees and Migrants: A Reproductive Health Emergency

Pathfinder International (2008)

This publications outlines the specific reproductive health needs of this cadre of adolescents and the programmatic responses that can be used to reach them.

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Emergency Response Framework

World Health Organization (2013) C_WHO

The 2nd edition is publised in 2017.

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Information Note: Disability and Inclusion in MHPSS - IASC Reference Group on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings (January 2024)

Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2024) C1

This document contains guidance for strengthening the disability inclusiveness of MHPSS responses and programmes in emergency settings. It is intended to supplement the IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings (2007). Overall Objective To consider and add... more

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Crisis Standards of Care: A Toolkit for Indicators and Triggers

Dan Hanfling, John Hick, and Clare Stroud Dan Hanfling, John Hick, and Clare Stroud (2013)

(You need free registration to download the book) Disasters and public health emergencies can stress health care systems to the breaking point and disrupt delivery of vital medical services. During such crises, hospitals and long-term care facilities may be without power; trained staff, ambulances,... more

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Measuring Resilience: Lessons learned from measuring resilience in Oxfam’s large-N Effectiveness Reviews

Oxfam (2015) C1

Resilience has rapidly become one of the most prominent objectives for the development sector, so ascertaining how best to measure it is an essential task for practioners working in monitoring and evaluation. In this discussion paper, the main insights emerging from the series of large-N Effectivene... more

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ICRC operational security: staff safety in armed conflict and internal violence

Patrick Brugger ICRC (2009)

International Review of the Red Cross Volume 91 Number 874 June 2009

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Integration of HIV/AIDS activities with food and nutrition support in refugee settings: specific programme strategies

UNHCR (2004)

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The Cost of Security Risk Management for NGOs

Finucane, C.; European Interagency Security Forum (EISF) (2013) C2

The Cost of Security Risk Management for NGOs explores the costs related to safety and security management for aid programmes. It aims to assist all aid practitioners to determine their risk management expenditure more accurately, and demonstrate an evidence-based approach when presenting this infor... more

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Good practice framework for mental health and wellbeing in first responder organisations

Beyond Blue; Heads Up (2019) C2

Accessed April 2019

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Venezuelan Doctors Are an Unexpected Boon for Latin America’s Poor

Bloomberg (2019) C1

Over 22,000 medical professionals fled Venezuela from 2012-2017 and sought jobs in other Latin American countries. The influx of specialists in places like Chile, Argentina, Colombia, and Peru has helped address critical gaps in care—patients in poorer or rural communities wait months for special... more

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Logistics

R.S. Stephenson WHO; UNDP (1993)

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Guidance On Evaluating Conflict, Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities: Working draft for application period

DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation and DAC Network on Development Evaluation OECD Publishing (2008)

This working draft develops guidance on conducting effective evaluations of conflict prevention and peacebuilding work. The current working draft will be used for a one year application phase through 2008. It is the result of an ongoing collaborative project by the OECD DAC Networks on Development E... more

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Case Management for Survivors and At-risk Women, Children and Youth with Disabilities. Tool 4: Action Planning – Addressing Barriers to Care for Survivors with Disabilities

Women's Refugee Commission (WRC) and UNICEF Lebanon (2018) CC

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Minimum Standardsfor Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies

UNFPA (2015) C2

Gender-based violence is a life-threatening, global health and human rights issue that violates international human rights law and principles of gender equality. It is also a threat to lasting peace and an affront to our common humanity. United Nations Member States have called for urgent action to ... more

Minimum Standards on Duty of Care in the Context of COVID-19 recommended

Minimum Standards on Duty of Care in the Context of COVID-19
recommended