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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Project/programme planning - Guidance manual

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IFRC (2024) CC

The aim of this guidance manual is to introduce the user to project/programme plan- ning in a Red Cross Red Crescent environment. It describes the different stages of the planning phase of the “project/programme cycle” within the context of Results-Based Management (RBM). It also gives an overvi... more

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Child Marriage in Zambia

Population Council, UNFPA, and Government of the Republic of Zambia (2017) C1

A policy brief on child marriage in Zambia. Child marriage is a human rights violation, and endangers young people' personal development and well-being; thus reducing opportunities to realize their full potential. Protecting girls from child marriage is a national priority and key towards sustainabl... more

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COVID-19 Interim Guidance for the Management of the Dead in Humanitarian Settings

International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC; International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies IFRC; World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

It is targeted towards humanitarian settings and aims to complement other guidance on the management of the dead with a stronger focus on the practical realities faced when dealing with the dead in humanitarian settings. The guidance offers practical recommendations for the management of the bodies ... more

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Humanitarian Needs Assessment: The Good Enough Guide
recommended

Currion, P. The Assessment Capacities Project and Emergency Capacity Building Project (2014) C2

Needs assessment is essential for programme planning, monitoring and evaluation, and accountability, however needs assessment is still a critical weakness of humanitarian response. Organisations need to improve how they do assessments. The Assessment Capacities Project (ACAPS) and the Emergency Capa... more

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Women’s Empowerment as a Determinant of Contraceptive Use in Ethiopia

Tadesse, Mekonnen, Habtamu Teklie, Gorfu Yazew, and Tesfayi Gebreselassie ICF International (2013) C2

Further Analysis of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. DHS Further Analysis Reports No. 82

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RELATÓRIO MUNDIAL SOBRE A DEFICIÊNCIA

World Health Organization (WHO) and The World Bank (WB) (2011) C_WHO

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Global Disease Detection (GDD) Manual “Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Epidemic Diseases”

Center for Disease Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011) C_CDC

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Five Year National Plan of Action to Achieve Optimal Iodine Nutrition in Nepal 2013- 2017, Final Draft Document

Government of Nepal, Nepal Nutrition and Food Security Portal (2012) C1

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Findings from othe Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), The Lancet (2019) CC

This booklet provides an overview of all findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Published in The Lancet in November 2018, GBD 2017 provides for the first time an independent estimation of population, for each of 195 countries and territories and the globe, using a standardized, repli... more

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GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigeria (2016) C2

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Catalogue of interventions addressing vaccine hesitancy

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2017) C1

This catalogue provides tools and information resources to support EU/EEA countries in addressing the challenging issue of vaccine hesitancy. The catalogue provides examples of practices that can serve as a resource for other countries. The project was developed in the context of ECDC’s support fo... more

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Uganda: Marburg Viral Disease (MVD) outbreak Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DREF n° MDRUG039

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2017) C1

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Handbook on using the ECDC preparedness checklist tool to strengthen preparedness against communication disease outbreaks at migrant reception/detention centres

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016) C1

The checklist tool described in this handbook is intended for EU/EEA public health authorities who need to assess the capacity for communicable disease prevention and control at migrant reception/detention centres hosting migrants for weeks/months (medium-term) in order to identify gaps and set prio... more

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My Future is My Choice - Life Skills Training for Young people

UNIFEC; Government of Sweden; UNAIDS; AIDS Care Trust of Namibia (2019)

Information for Parents Accessed: 13.10.2019

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EPI Comprehensive Multiyear Plan 2012-2016

Republic of Senegal , Ministry of Public Health and Prevention, Department of Medical Prevention (2011) C1

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Initiative area One Health in development cooperation

Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development BMZ (2021) CC

BMZ Paper 1

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Five actions for disability-inclusive disaster risk management

Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) (2018)

A recent survey of the literature and experience identified five broad actions that development institutions and governments, as well as their partners and stakeholders, can take to improve disability-inclusive disaster risk management. Those five actions are:
- Include persons with disabilitie... more

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Prévention et prise en charge de la fistule obstétricale : Cours pour les infirmières et les sages - femmes

East, Central, and Southern African Health Community (ECSA-HC) and EngenderHealthFistula Care (2012)

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Instructions for Completing Suspected Adverse Event Reporting Form

Directorate General of Drug Administration,, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, People's Republic of Bangladesh (2014) C1

Humanitarian Needs Assessment: The Good Enough Guide recommended

Humanitarian Needs Assessment: The Good Enough Guide
recommended