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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Health Taxes: A Compelling Policy for the Crises of Today

The Task Force on Fiscal Policy for Health Report 2024 Bloomberg (2024) CC

For this report, the Task Force commissioned additional background papers on health taxes to update the evidence, assess short-term revenue potential, and understand the role of health taxes in the current era of multiple crises. We find that health taxes continue to be underutilized despite th... more

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Drugs for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy: Current Knowledge and Way Forward

Figueroa-Romero, A.; C. Pons-Duran, and R. Gonzalez (2022) CC

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080152

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Social and Behaviour Change Communication Strategy for Prevention of Re-establishment of Malaria Transmission in Timor-Leste

Ministry of Health Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste; World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

The Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) Strategy for the Prevention of the Re-establishment of Malaria Transmission in Timor-Leste forms part of the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for 2021–2025. The strategy aims to support Timor-Leste's efforts to sustain malaria elimination by promot... more

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Malaria vaccines: the 60‑year journey of hope and final success—lessons learned and future prospects

El‑Moamly, A.A.; and M. A. El‑Sweify (2023) CC

Tropical Medicine and Health (2023) 51:29

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Handbook on Vector Control in Malaria Elimination for the WHO African Region

World Health Organisation WHO, Regional Office for Africa (2015) C_WHO

Vector control, alongside case management, remains the most effective approach to controlling and eliminating malaria. Key interventions, such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), have significantly reduced malaria transmission in many African countries. This... more

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The Malaria Dividend; Why investing in Malaria Elimination creates returns for all

Malaria no more UK; RBM Partnership to End Malaria and Oxford Economics Africa (2024) CC2

Getting back on track to cutting malaria by 90% could boost African economies by $127bn by 2030. This important new report shows we can save lives, boost economies and trade, creating a healthier world

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Analytical Fact Sheet: Diabetes, a silent Killer in Africa

Integrated African Health Observatory iAHO; World Health Organization African Region (2023) C_WHO

Diabetes is an increasingly prevalent yet under-recognised health crisis in Africa, driven by demographic and socioeconomic transitions. In 2021, 24 million adults in the region were living with diabetes, and this figure is expected to increase by 129% by 2045.

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Combating false information on vaccines: A guide for EPI managers

Pan American Health Organization PAHO; World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

The document "Combating False Information on Vaccines: A Guide for EPI Managers" is designed to help Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) managers address vaccine misinformation. It begins by defining misinformation and explaining why it spreads rapidly, often due to its emotional appeal and simpl... more

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Syllabus and regualtions M.Sc. Nursing

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Goverment of India (2020) C1

Post Graduate programme is essential to prepare nurses to improve the quality of nursing education and practice in India. . Post graduate programme in nursing builds upon and extends competence acquired at the graduate levels, emphasizes application of relevant theories into nursing practice, ed... more

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Lineamientos y condiciones de bioseguridad para el regreso a la presencialidad en entorno educativo en el marco de la pandemia por COVID-19

Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social Bogotá, Colombia (2021) CC

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Technical meeting to support Ebola affected countries on the recovery and resilience plans with a focus on GAVI, the Global Fund and other partners' funding - Report, 9-11 June 2015

World Health Organization (2015)

The objectives of the meeting were to agree on coordinated and aligned support to the 3 countries’ national health recovery plans (Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone); to identify cross-cutting areas and opportunities for integration; to identify ways to improve implementation modalities; and to identi... more

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Global elimination of dog-mediated human rabies. Report

World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

Rabies remains an under-reported neglected zoonosis with a case-fatality rate of almost 100% in humans and animals. Dog-mediated human rabies causes tens of thousands of human deaths annually despite being 100% preventable. More than 95% of human cases are caused by the bite of a rabies-infected dog... more

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The drug problem and organized crime, illicit financial flows, corruption and terrorism

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; World Drug Report 2017 (2019) C2

World Drug Report 2017 -5- Accessed: 14.03.2019

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Real Time Evaluation of the Ebola Control Programs in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Annexes

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2015)

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Abecé de la vacunación contra el COVID-19

Ministerio de Salud, Colombia (2021) CC

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Strengthening Pre-Service Education for the Nursing and Midwifery Cadre in India

Maternal Health Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India (2012) C1

Operational Guidelines

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Landmine Monitor 2017

International Campaign to Ban Landmines – Cluster Munition Coalition (ICBL-CMC) (2017) C3

This is the 19th annual Landmine Monitor report. It is the sister publication to the Cluster Munition Monitor report, first published in November 2010. Landmine Monitor 2016 provides a global overview of the landmine situation. Chapters on developments in specific countries and other areas are ava... more

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Zikavirus (ZIKV). Stellungnahme

Arbeitskreises Blut des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit (2016) CC

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Health Sector Strategy in Nepal

Governement of Nepal, Ministry of Health (2011) C1